{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T17:58:55Z","timestamp":1776880735833,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stomata, the microscopic pores in the epidermis of plant leaves, facilitate gas exchange between the leaf interior and the external environment and thus play a pivotal role in the global carbon, water, and energy cycles. Their development and function are influenced by atmospheric CO\u2082 levels. However, the mechanisms and the extent of this influence remain incompletely understood. Understanding the stomatal responses to variations in atmospheric CO\u2082 is essential for predicting their impact on future plant productivity or the role of vegetation as a carbon sink. We investigated the stomatal responses \u2013 specifically stomatal aperture and stomatal frequency \u2013 of C\u2083 plants acclimated to either ambient (approximately 40 Pa) or reduced (approximately 30 Pa) partial pressure of CO\u2082 (pCO\u2082). Stomatal responses were assessed both under natural conditions along an altitudinal gradient and under controlled experimental conditions with defined CO\u2082 levels (30 vs. 42 Pa). Our results showed that, under experimental conditions, stomatal frequency decreased with increasing CO\u2082 levels in both plant groups, regardless of their acclimation history. Furthermore, plants exposed to reduced pCO\u2082 exhibited smaller stomatal apertures compared to those grown at ambient pCO\u2082. Above-ground fresh biomass was higher at ambient CO\u2082 levels than at reduced levels. Interestingly, no significant difference in stomatal frequency was observed between plants that were acclimated and grown under reduced pCO\u2082 (at 2,970 m a.s.l.) and those under ambient pCO\u2082 (540 m). These results support the hypothesis that the inverse stomatal response to CO\u2082 \u2013 i.e., a reduction in stomatal frequency with increasing CO\u2082 levels \u2013 is a general physiological pattern in C\u2083 plants in the range of 30\u201342 Pa. However, this response pattern can be overridden by specific (locally occurring) environmental conditions such as low humidity or elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the findings are consistent with the optimal stomatal theory, which postulates that plants regulate stomatal conductance, including stomatal frequency and aperture, to maximize photosynthesis while minimizing water loss to achieve optimal water-use efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0346112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T17:25:18Z","timestamp":1776878718000},"page":"e0346112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stomatal responses of differently CO2-acclimated plants to natural and experimental CO2 gradients"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1931-4215","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter Manuel","family":"Kammer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2425-5627","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dominik Lukas","family":"Wermelinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janick Michael","family":"Klossner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan Simon","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Sch\u00f6b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0346112.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0028-646X.2001.00334.x","article-title":"Selection pressures on stomatal evolution","volume":"153","author":"JA Raven","year":"2002","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"issue":"5299","key":"pone.0346112.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5299.502","article-title":"Modeling the Exchanges of Energy, Water, and Carbon Between Continents and the Atmosphere","volume":"275","author":"P Sellers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6951","key":"pone.0346112.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01843","article-title":"The role of stomata in sensing and driving environmental change","volume":"424","author":"AM Hetherington","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346112.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12050","article-title":"Tiny pores with a global impact","volume":"197","author":"MRG Roelfsema","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346112.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-018-0488-5","article-title":"Hormonal and environmental signals guiding stomatal development","volume":"16","author":"X Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0346112.ref006","first-page":"12091","article-title":"A review: Molecular regulation of stomatal development related to environmental factors and hormones in plants","volume":"17","author":"ZF Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Ecol Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346112.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37934-7","article-title":"Stomatal responses of terrestrial plants to global change","volume":"14","author":"X Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0346112.ref008","volume-title":"Exchanges of atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 with the terrestrial biosphere and oceans from 1978 to 2000. 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