{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:28:33Z","timestamp":1791084513112,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010859","name":"Texas A&M University-Kingsville","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2218341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2218341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010859","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"the US National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2218601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2218601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007709","name":"Michigan State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2218451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2218451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007709","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Much research since the 1950s has investigated scientists\u2019 views and behaviors. Employing data from standardized surveys, researchers often analyze how such views and behaviors vary across scientific disciplines. The results of these efforts are likely influenced by the quality of the survey instrument(s) used to measure scientists\u2019 discipline or \u201cdisciplinary affiliation\u201d as well as the size and quality of respondent samples. Even though disciplinary affiliation is a complex, multi-dimensional construct, most surveys over the years include only a single nominal indicator of one dimension (e.g., the discipline of respondents\u2019 highest degree, current department, or self-identity). Only using a nominal indicator\u2014with respondents placing themselves into distinct disciplines assumed to be internally homogeneous\u2014limits our ability to measure variation in their disciplinary affiliation\n                    <jats:italic>within<\/jats:italic>\n                    nominal disciplines. We refer to this variation, or plasticity, in scientists\u2019 disciplinary affiliation as\n                    <jats:italic>disciplinarity<\/jats:italic>\n                    , or the extent to which their affiliation may vary along a continuum between strong connection to their discipline\u2019s core to broader association with their discipline\u2019s frontier\u2014possibly leading to boundary transgression and eventual affiliation with a different nominal discipline. We created a multi-dimensional continuous measure of disciplinarity for use in tandem with a categorical disciplinary affiliation indicator (i.e., discipline of PhD degree) to capture this variation. We included both measures in a standardized survey on scientists\u2019 views about the nature of science and experiences in cross-disciplinary research that we administered to a large sample of 4,113 tenure-system science faculty at 83 US research universities. After offering narrative evidence of the content validity of our novel five-dimension disciplinarity instrument, we provide statistical evidence that our resulting disciplinarity scale has construct, convergent, and concurrent criterion validity for measuring the complexity and plasticity of scientists\u2019 disciplinary affiliation. We close with suggestions for how other researchers may employ this novel instrument for their own purposes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0346268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:36:30Z","timestamp":1787765790000},"page":"e0346268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Validating a novel measure of scientists\u2019 disciplinary affiliation that captures its complexity and plasticity"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9174-2885","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gina Marie","family":"Pizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6251-5251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aaron M.","family":"McCright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1074-7306","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chad","family":"Gonnerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy E.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9455-8253","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathryn S.","family":"Plaisance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0346268.ref001","volume-title":"The History of Science from Augustine to Galileo","author":"AC Crombie","year":"1996"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511817908","volume-title":"The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts","author":"E Grant","year":"1996"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226482064.001.0001","volume-title":"The Beginnings of Western Science","author":"D Lindberg","year":"1992"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226398488.001.0001","volume-title":"The Scientific Revolution","author":"S Shapin","year":"2018","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref005","volume-title":"Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey","author":"PJ Bowler","year":"2020","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref006","volume-title":"Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West","author":"M Jacob","year":"1996"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226458144.001.0001","volume-title":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50th Anniversary Edition","author":"TS Kuhn","year":"2012","edition":"4"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref008","volume-title":"The Norton History of Science in Society","author":"L Pyenson","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503614574","volume-title":"Genetic crossroads: The Middle East and the science of human heredity","author":"EK Burton","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref010","volume-title":"Science for the Empire: Scientific Nationalism in Modern Japan","author":"H Mizuno","year":"2008"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref011","volume-title":"Bitter Roots: The Search for Healing Plants in Africa","author":"AD Osseo-Asare","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref012","volume-title":"Horizons: A Global History of Science","author":"J Poskett","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226069463.001.0001","volume-title":"In defense of disciplines: Interdisciplinarity and specialization in the research university","author":"J Jacobs","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503616059","volume-title":"Instituting science: The cultural production of scientific disciplines","author":"T Lenoir","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199240531.001.0001","volume-title":"The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences","author":"R Whitley","year":"2000"},{"key":"pone.0346268.ref016","article-title":"Differentiation of scientific disciplines: causes and consequences","volume-title":"Unity of knowledge (in transdisciplinary research for sustainability)","author":"R. 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