{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:06:53Z","timestamp":1780596413627,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Funding Program, King Saud University","award":["ORF-2026-470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-470"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Fraxinus xanthoxyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                    Wall. ex DC (Family-Oleaceae) is a tiny tree found in arid highlands, often referred to as \u201cAfghan ash\u201d. This study aimed to explore\n                    <jats:italic>F. xanthoxyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                    bark extract as a potential anti-diabetic agent by conducting GC-MS analysis along with\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies.\n                    <jats:italic>F. xanthoxyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                    bark methanol extract (FXBM) was fractionated with n-hexane (FXBH), followed by chloroform (FXBC), ethyl acetate (FXBE), and residual aqueous fraction (FXBA). GC-MS and HPLC-MS analysis of the total extract were performed. The inhibitory activities against \u03b1-amylase, \u03b1-glucosidase,\u00a0and DPP4 were assessed for the extract and its fractions. The\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0study included five groups: control group, diabetic control, groups pretreated with alloxan (150 mg\/kg) + glibenclamide (5 mg\/kg), group pretreated with alloxan (150 mg\/kg) + FXBH (200 mg\/kg), and group pretreated with alloxan (150 mg\/kg) + FXBH (400 mg\/kg). Further, a histopathological investigation was conducted. GC-MS analysis of FXBM revealed the presence of 17 compounds predominated by esters (17.9%), polyols (16.35%), and\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    -glycosides (12.24%). Among all extract\/fractions, FXBH showed maximum \u03b1-amylase, \u03b1-glucosidase, and DPP4 inhibition when compared to acarbose and berberine, respectively. It also achieved the highest glucose uptake among all extract\/fractions when compared with metformin. HPLC-DAD analysis showed the presence of gallic acid (3.29 \u00b5g\/mg), catechin (4.23 \u00b5g\/mg), caffeic acid (6.05 \u00b5g\/mg), ferulic acid (2.99 \u00b5g\/mg), and quercetin (6.4 \u00b5g\/mg). FXBH-treated rats showed a significant increase in body weight and reduced blood glucose levels (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) from days 1\u201330. The biochemical parameters like triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, lipase, amylase, C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, HbA1c, and urea were decreased, while high-density lipoprotein was elevated, compared to diabetic control. Histopathological studies demonstrated restoration of pancreatic \u03b2-cells. In conclusion,\n                    <jats:italic>F. xanthoxyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                    bark extract exhibited potential antidiabetic effects; meanwhile, further studies are recommended to characterize the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and synergistic effects with standard drugs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0346328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:26:31Z","timestamp":1780593991000},"page":"e0346328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective effects of Fraxinus xanthoxyloides bark in alloxan-induced diabetic rats: A phytochemical and pharmacological approach"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mashal","family":"Shahzadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahira","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman M.","family":"Al-Qaaneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Raza","family":"Ishaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3833-9483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Farah","family":"Deeba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musrat","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa A.","family":"Abdel-Maksoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeedah","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4252-7647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heba A. 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