{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T15:12:58Z","timestamp":1782227578020,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the impact of pre-treatment with mucoadhesive polymers on tear film concentrations of topically administered moxifloxacin in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Eight healthy dogs were enrolled in a randomized paired-eye crossover study consisting of two sessions (7-day washout). Eyes received topical 0.5% moxifloxacin alone (control) or following pre-treatment with a mucoadhesive polymer applied 30 seconds earlier: either 0.2% hyaluronic acid (HA; Hylogel\n \u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n ) or 0.75% cross-linked hyaluronic acid (XHA; Oculenis\n \u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n ). Tear samples were collected using microcapillary tubes at baseline and predefined intervals up to 480 minutes, and moxifloxacin concentrations were quantified by UV-Vis spectrophotometry (293\u2009nm).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Total moxifloxacin exposure (AUC\n 0\u2013480<\/jats:sub>\n ) increased following pre-treatment with either HA formulation. The XHA produced a statistically significant 2.0-fold increase in mean AUC\n 0\u2013480<\/jats:sub>\n over control (47,929 vs. 24,417 \u00b5g\u00b7min\/mL; P\u2009=\u20090.005). The HA group achieved a 1.8-fold increase in mean AUC\n 0\u2013480<\/jats:sub>\n (37,104 vs. 20,693 \u00b5g\u00b7min\/mL), but this did not reach statistical significance (P\u2009=\u20090.154). In the XHA trial, a significant treatment effect (P\u2009=\u20090.012) and interaction (P\u2009=\u20090.002) were observed for concentration, which remained significantly higher than control for 15 minutes (P\u2009\u2264\u20090.018). In the HA trial, a significant treatment effect was noted for concentration (P\u2009=\u20090.020), with levels remaining significantly higher than control for 10 minutes (P\u2009\u2264\u20090.024). No ocular irritation was observed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Prior administration of mucoadhesive polymers increases moxifloxacin bioavailability on the canine ocular surface, with this effect being more pronounced for cross-linked HA (\u201creservoir effect\u201d) compared to linear HA formulations. These findings may help optimize topical antibiotic delivery strategies in dogs with bacterial keratitis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0346333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:33:08Z","timestamp":1775842388000},"page":"e0346333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimizing topical antibiotic delivery in dogs: Tear film pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin following pre-treatment with hyaluronic acid"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0103-0127","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lionel","family":"Sebbag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bar","family":"Fruchter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Kenin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7084-897X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dikla","family":"Arad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oren","family":"Pe\u2019er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0346333.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pharmacologic principles behind eye drop dosing: from pharmacokinetics to clinical practice","author":"L Lucchino","year":"2026","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol."},{"key":"pone.0346333.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571350","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.571350","article-title":"Tear film pharmacokinetics and systemic absorption following topical administration of 1% prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension in dogs","volume":"7","author":"L Sebbag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0346333.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00457","article-title":"Kinetics of fluorescein in tear film after eye drop instillation in beagle dogs: does size really matter?","volume":"6","author":"L Sebbag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0346333.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.06.020","article-title":"Effect of blinking on tear volume after instillation of midviscosity artificial tears","volume":"146","author":"JR Palakuru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346333.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5603\/OJ.2016.0005","article-title":"Drug bioavailability from topically applied ocular drops. 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