{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:34:16Z","timestamp":1786732456361,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM141859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM141859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hatch project 7003374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hatch project 7003374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI140760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI140760"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7007965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7007965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Iron is an essential nutrient for all types of organisms, including insects and the microbes that infect them. We predicted that insects fed an iron-supplemented diet would accumulate more iron in their hemolymph, and, because infectious microbes acquire iron from their hosts, that this extra iron would promote the growth of infectious microbes, possibly resulting in larval death. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of dietary iron supplementation on infection outcomes in\n                    <jats:italic>Manduca sexta<\/jats:italic>\n                    (tobacco hornworm). Larvae were fed an artificial diet, with or without antibiotics, or the same diets supplemented with 10 mM iron. Control and iron-treated larvae were inoculated with non-pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    or the entomopathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and bacterial load and larval survival were measured. We found that dietary iron supplementation increased the iron content of hemolymph by approximately 20-fold; however, contrary to our prediction, this increase in iron did not result in an increase in the bacterial load (i.e., infection intensity) of either\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The effect of iron supplementation on survival was more complicated. As expected, for larvae inoculated with nonpathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , iron supplementation had no effect. For larvae inoculated with\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the effect of iron supplementation depended on whether antibiotics were present in the diet. Without antibiotics, iron supplementation prolonged larval survival; with antibiotics, iron supplementation decreased larval survival. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that dietary iron supplementation increases infection intensity in\n                    <jats:italic>M. sexta<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Instead, the results support the viewpoint that the relationship between dietary iron and infection outcome is complex.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0346464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:56:38Z","timestamp":1786730198000},"page":"e0346464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effects of dietary iron supplementation on bacterial infections in Manduca sexta larval hemolymph"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marilyn K.","family":"Reese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael 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