{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T22:17:03Z","timestamp":1788041823636,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More severe substance use, defined as higher scores on validated measures of problematic use, is increasing within young adult populations. Substance use has been associated with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety. We aimed to understand the relationship between these factors and sex differences in a university sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>894 university students (372 males and 522 females, aged 18\u201325 years) self-reported their mTBI history, substance use (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R)), and psychological measures (Patient Health Questionnaire\u20139 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder\u20137 (GAD-7). Regression analyses examined whether the number of previous mTBIs was associated with increased cannabis (within the past six months) or alcohol use (within the past twelve months) severity. Logistic and linear regression models were used to explore how mTBI history, sex, and mental health symptoms relate to the likelihood and severity of cannabis and alcohol use and were also run separately by sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with multiple mTBIs reported more problematic substance use and a higher number of substances used. Hazardous substance use, as defined by scores above AUDIT and CUDIT-R cut-offs, was associated with both a previous history of mTBI and greater scores on depression and anxiety measures. Individuals with higher scores on an anxiety measure were more likely to use cannabis, especially if they had a history of mTBI. A history of mTBIs and higher current depression scores among cannabis users was associated with more problematic cannabis use. Among alcohol-using individuals, those with higher depression scores in addition to a history of mTBI were more likely to endorse more problematic alcohol use. Finally, males and females were affected differently by mental health and mTBI risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>mTBI history and mental health problems may be associated with hazardous substance use, but these findings highlight the importance of considering sex-specific risk patterns when developing interventions or preventive strategies for young adults with a history of mTBI or elevated anxiety\/depression symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0346562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T17:33:01Z","timestamp":1775583181000},"page":"e0346562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential associations of mental health, mild traumatic brain injury and substance use between male and female university students"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2439-1731","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alyssia","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Cherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Gicas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wojtowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0346562.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00080-7","article-title":"The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: implications for mental health","volume":"1","author":"JJ Arnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0346562.ref002","first-page":"100189","article-title":"Trends of poly-substance use among Canadian youth","volume":"10","author":"AME Zuckermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346562.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00949-3","article-title":"Polysubstance use in the U.S. opioid crisis","volume":"26","author":"WM Compton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346562.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12678-z","article-title":"Polysubstance use poisoning deaths in Canada: an analysis of trends from 2014 to 2017 using mortality data","volume":"22","author":"S Konefal","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0346562.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00569","article-title":"One Is Not Enough: Understanding and Modeling Polysubstance Use","volume":"14","author":"EA Crummy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346562.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21073","article-title":"Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention","volume":"22","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0346562.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1035","article-title":"Association of High-Potency Cannabis Use With Mental Health and Substance Use in Adolescence","volume":"77","author":"LA Hines","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9584","key":"pone.0346562.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61162-3","article-title":"Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"370","author":"THM Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346562.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500","article-title":"Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"G Gobbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346562.ref010","article-title":"Alcohol Use Disorder and Depressive Disorders","volume":"40","author":"RK McHugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0346562.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.8.807","article-title":"Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"61","author":"BF Grant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0346562.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00508-8","article-title":"The increasing global health priority of substance use in young people","volume":"3","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0346562.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120543","article-title":"Examining the Association and Directionality between Mental Health Disorders and Substance Use among Adolescents and Young Adults in the U.S. and Canada-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"S Esmaeelzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0346562.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229709030550","article-title":"The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications","volume":"4","author":"EJ Khantzian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0346562.ref015","volume-title":"Kaplan and Sadock\u2019s concise textbook of clinical psychiatry","author":"BJ Sadock","year":"2016","edition":"4"},{"key":"pone.0346562.ref016","first-page":"58","article-title":"The relationship between concussion and alcohol consumption among university athletes","volume":"7","author":"B Alcock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0346562.ref017","first-page":"17","article-title":"Brain Injury and Substance Use in Young Adults: The Need for Integrating Care","volume":"106","author":"SR Rosenthal","year":"2023","journal-title":"R I Med J (2013)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0346562.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.07.013","article-title":"Does Traumatic Brain Injury Cause Risky Substance Use or Substance Use Disorder?","volume":"91","author":"CM Olsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0346562.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2023.2184871","article-title":"Association between pediatric TBI and mental health and substance use disorders: A scoping review","volume":"37","author":"N Adams Nejatbakhsh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346562.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(02)00018-7","article-title":"The neurophysiology of concussion","volume":"67","author":"NA Shaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346562.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3905","article-title":"Brain Networks Subserving Emotion Regulation and Adaptation after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"33","author":"HJ van der Horn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346562.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000001110","article-title":"Influence of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury History and Mental Health Status on Alcohol and Cannabis Use in University Athletes","volume":"33","author":"A Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346562.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6550","article-title":"Association between History of Concussion and Substance Use Is Mediated by Mood Disorders","volume":"37","author":"SD Newman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346562.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2016.06.004","article-title":"Substance Use Among College Students","volume":"25","author":"CR Skidmore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"pone.0346562.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.09.022","article-title":"Adolescent substance use: Latent class and transition analysis","volume":"77","author":"HJ Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0346562.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.6.486","article-title":"Gender differences in depression","volume":"177","author":"M Piccinelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0346562.ref027","first-page":"238","article-title":"Sex Differences and the Incidence of Concussions Among Collegiate Athletes","volume":"38","author":"T Covassin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346562.ref028","first-page":"495","article-title":"Concussions on U.S. high school and collegiate athletes","volume":"42","author":"LM Gessel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346562.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000279972.95060.CB","article-title":"Sex differences in neuropsychological function and post-concussion symptoms of concussed collegiate athletes","volume":"61","author":"T Covassin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0346562.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.01.011","article-title":"The relationship between gender and postconcussion symptoms after sport-related mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"1","author":"SJ Preiss-Farzanegan","year":"2009","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346562.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.9.PEDS13257","article-title":"Effect of sex on symptoms and return to baseline in sport-related concussion","volume":"13","author":"SL Zuckerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0346562.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1068","article-title":"Sex differences in outcome after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"JJ Bazarian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0346562.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6171","article-title":"Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know","volume":"36","author":"R Gupte","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0346562.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269101","article-title":"Sex differences in outcomes from mild traumatic brain injury eight years post-injury","volume":"17","author":"NJ Starkey","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0346562.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2014the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016","volume":"51","author":"P McCrory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0346562.ref036","article-title":"AUDIT The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in Primary Health Care","author":"TF Babor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"pone.0346562.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.017","article-title":"An improved brief measure of cannabis misuse: the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R)","volume":"110","author":"SJ Adamson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0346562.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06","article-title":"The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure","volume":"32","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0346562.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0346562.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000001","article-title":"Substance abuse and criminal activities following traumatic brain injury in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood","volume":"29","author":"A McKinlay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346562.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1679885","article-title":"Cannabis, alcohol and cigarette use during the acute post-concussion period","volume":"34","author":"DW Lawrence","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"pone.0346562.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.03.015","article-title":"Factors affecting increased risk for substance use disorders following traumatic brain injury: What we can learn from animal models","volume":"77","author":"SF Merkel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0346562.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1268632","article-title":"Head Injury and Substance Use in Young Adults","volume":"52","author":"LA Kort-Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0346562.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12657","article-title":"Prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"RL Delmonico","year":"2022","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0346562.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.10.006","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed depression in adolescents with history of concussion","volume":"54","author":"SPD Chrisman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0346562.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4252","article-title":"Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Anxiety and Depressive Disorders after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review","volume":"33","author":"AC Scholten","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"pone.0346562.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00350","article-title":"Characterizing the Risk of Depression Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-Analysis of the Literature Comparing Chronic mTBI to Non-mTBI Populations","volume":"11","author":"SC Hellewell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346562.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318299ccf8","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and white matter dysfunction in retired NFL players with concussion history","volume":"81","author":"J Strain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346562.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3930","article-title":"Division III Collision Sports Are Not Associated with Neurobehavioral Quality of Life","volume":"33","author":"WP Meehan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"pone.0346562.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1540797","article-title":"Depression and anxiety across the first 4 years after mild traumatic brain injury: findings from a community-based study","volume":"32","author":"S Barker-Collo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346562.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000422","article-title":"Anxiety symptoms and disorders in the first year after sustaining mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"67","author":"G Lamontagne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346562.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0544-y","article-title":"Anxiety and substance use disorders: co-occurrence and clinical issues","volume":"17","author":"F Vorspan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0346562.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1048","article-title":"Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence","volume":"24","author":"JA Crippa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0346562.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.017","article-title":"Evidence for a closing gender gap in alcohol use, abuse, and dependence in the United States population","volume":"93","author":"KM Keyes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346562.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0211","article-title":"Lifetime comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"67","author":"KP Conway","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0346562.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.01.012","article-title":"Gender Differences in Internalizing Symptoms and Suicide Risk Among Men and Women Seeking Treatment for Cannabis Use Disorder from Late Adolescence to Middle Adulthood","volume":"66","author":"KT Foster","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346562.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0010","article-title":"Sex Differences in Cannabis Use and Effects: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Cannabis Users","volume":"1","author":"C Cuttler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346562.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-017-0174-7","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying Sex Differences in Cannabis Use","volume":"4","author":"KC Calakos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0346562.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3280fa836c","article-title":"Alcohol use among college students: an international perspective","volume":"20","author":"E Karam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346562.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v34.4.06","article-title":"Anxiety and alcohol use disorders: comorbidity and treatment considerations","volume":"34","author":"JP Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0346562.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x","article-title":"Alcohol and depression","volume":"106","author":"JM Boden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0346562.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4288","article-title":"Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depression in Civilian Patients After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A TRACK-TBI Study","volume":"76","author":"MB Stein","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346562.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.44.1.31","article-title":"The clinical significance of major depression following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"44","author":"MJ Rapoport","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0346562","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T17:33:10Z","timestamp":1775583190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0346562"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"De Luca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0346562","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]}}}