{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T17:47:36Z","timestamp":1777052856001,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014089","name":"WSIB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prognostic tools are widely used to guide early management of musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries. However, social identity factors such as age, gender, race, and socioeconomic status may influence symptom experience and reporting, potentially affecting the accuracy of risk classification. The purpose of this study is to identify those social identity variables associated with scores on common prognostic tools or their prognostic accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from a cohort of workers (n\u2009=\u2009203) with acute musculoskeletal injuries. Participants completed the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Traumatic Injuries Distress Scale (TIDS), EuroQoL (EQ5D-5L), and a demographic survey including age, sex, race, income, education, and perceived discrimination. Differences in baseline scores were assessed between identity groups. Recovery was dichotomized (fully recovered\/not fully recovered) using 3 different recovery indicators. Predictive accuracy for recovery was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sample-wide and when stratified by social identity variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older participants reported significantly higher pain (5.5 vs. 4.3\/10, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and those indicating more experiences of discrimination rated higher post-trauma distress (11.1 vs. 9.2\/24, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). 8-week recovery rates were 21.7% to 54.7%. Lower education predicted &lt;full recovery in administrative data only. The TIDS and EQ5D-5L were significantly better at predicting recovery compared to the NPRS. When disaggregated by social identity, the TIDS functioned significantly better in females than males, while the EQ5D-5L functioned similarly across all social categories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate that different risk\/prognosis cut-scores, and even different tools, may be required for people with different intersectional identities. The results should be interpreted in light of some identities being reduced to broad categories. Most risk\/prognosis tools in MSK recovery research use a single universal cut-score to distinguish low from high risk, but this study only partially supports that approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0346697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T17:24:56Z","timestamp":1777051496000},"page":"e0346697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social determinants of pain, distress, and quality of life in injured workers: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of patient-reported outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Bayattork","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saghar Soltan","family":"Abadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9155-3337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David M.","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346697.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302223","article-title":"Diverging trends in the incidence of occupational and nonoccupational injury in Ontario, 2004\u20132011","volume":"105","author":"A Chambers","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346697.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3394","article-title":"Effect of systematic ergonomic hazard identification and control implementation on musculoskeletal disorder and injury risk","volume":"40","author":"LF Cantley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346697.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.4132","article-title":"Global-, regional-and country-level estimates of the work-related burden of diseases and accidents in 2019","volume":"50","author":"J Takala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346697.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.11.018","article-title":"What is the clinical course of acute ankle sprains? 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