{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T18:28:48Z","timestamp":1776364128084,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food-borne illnesses pose a major global public health threat, affecting up to 30% of people annually in higher-income countries and contributing to hundreds of thousands of deaths each year with the heaviest burden falling on low and middle income countries. In Ethiopia, prior research on food handlers\u2019 safety practices has been limited to quantitative methods offering little insight into cultural, behavioral and institutional barriers. To the best of our knowledge, limited mixed-methods evidence exists in this context. Therefore, this mixed-methods study addresses the gap through providing comprehensive evidence from North Eastern Ethiopia on factors influencing food safety practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to assess food safety practices and associated factors among food handlers working in food and drinking establishments in Debre Birhan city, North Eastern Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A convergent-parallel mixed-methods study with a cross-sectional quantitative strand was conducted from January 10 to February 28, 2025, among 415 randomly selected food handlers in Debre Birhan city, North Eastern Ethiopia. Quantitative data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire and observation method and analyzed using STATA version 14. Multivariable binary logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals and a p-value\u2009\u2264\u20090.05 was used to identify factors associated with food safety practices. Qualitative data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti version 8 software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The magnitude of poor food safety practices among food handlers was 72%. Educational status (AOR\u2009=\u20093.2; 1.206\u20135.337), working\u2009\u2264\u20092 years (AOR\u2009=\u20092.7; 1.026\u20134.009), lack of food safety training (AOR\u2009=\u20094.3; 1.997\u20137.820) and poor knowledge (AOR\u2009=\u20093.9; 1.853\u20136.983) were statistically associated with poor food safety practice among food handlers. Lack of food safety training, poor risk perception, weak enforcement, lack of standardized guidelines, inadequate facilities and insufficient equipment were identified as barriers for good food safety practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food safety practice among food handlers in the current study was low. Quantitative findings showed that educational status, working\u2009\u2264\u20092 years, lack of food safety training and poor knowledge were factors statistically associated with poor food safety practice. Qualitative findings provided limited access to training, poor risk perception, weak enforcement, lack of standardized guidelines, inadequate equipment and facilities jointly undermine food safety compliance. Addressing these factors particularly through enhanced training and knowledge improvement as well as regular and supportive supervisory, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms could substantially improve adherence to safe food handling and reduce the risk of foodborne diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0346700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T17:24:31Z","timestamp":1776360271000},"page":"e0346700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Food safety practice and associated factors among food handlers working in food and drinking establishments in Debre Birhan City, North Eastern Ethiopia: A convergent parallel mixed-method study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6600-9353","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Belachew Tekleyohannes","family":"Wogayehu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0346700.ref001","first-page":"238","article-title":"Food safety and hygiene knowledge, attitude and practices among food handlers at boarding schools in the northern region of Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"D-L Abd Lataf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci"},{"key":"pone.0346700.ref002","author":"WHO","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0346700.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S266342","article-title":"Food hygiene practices and associated factors among food handlers working in food establishments in the Bole Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"AM Abdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0346700.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13142176","article-title":"Food safety knowledge, attitude, and practices of restaurant food handlers in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"WF Alzhrani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"pone.0346700.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S295974","article-title":"Food safety knowledge, handling practices and associated factors among food handlers working in food establishments in Debre Markos town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020: institution-based cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"T Alemayehu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"pone.0346700.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S262767","article-title":"Food hygiene practice and its determinants among food handlers at University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"K Lema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"pone.0346700.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-571","article-title":"Factors affecting food handling practices among food handlers of Dangila town food and drink establishments, North West Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"AG Tessema","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346700.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-022-00651-3","article-title":"Food safety practice and its associated factors among food handlers in food establishments of Mettu and Bedelle towns, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022","volume":"8","author":"S Tamiru","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0346700.ref009","unstructured":"Teferi SC. 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