{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:08:01Z","timestamp":1789754881547,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020985","name":"Empresas P\u00fablicas de Medell\u00edn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CT-2019-000661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT-2019-000661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020985","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Astyanax<\/jats:italic>\n                    Baird &amp; Girard, 1854 is a widely distributed and species-rich genus of Acestrorhamphidae, whose abundant populations in Neotropical basins play a crucial ecological role at the trophic level. Taxonomic uncertainties persist within the genus, as seen in\n                    <jats:italic>Astyanax<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. (formerly designated as\n                    <jats:italic>A. fasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) from the Magdalena basin in Colombia. Concerns about its genetic status are heightened due to ecological threats posed by hydroelectric dams, from habitat loss to river connectivity. We isolated and characterized 17 microsatellite loci to assess the population genetics of this species in a broad sample from the middle and lower sections of the Cauca River, now interrupted by the Ituango dam. Furthermore, a multidisciplinary approach integrating phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial (\n                    <jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and nuclear (\n                    <jats:italic>rag2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) markers with geometric morphometric analyses was employed to evaluate potential cryptic diversity within\n                    <jats:italic>Astyanax<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. Microsatellites revealed two genetic groups in the studied area, strongly supported as distinct lineages by phylogenetic analyses. Unexpectedly, one of these lineages of\n                    <jats:italic>Astyanax<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. was recovered in an unresolved clade with samples of\n                    <jats:italic>A. microlepis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and allopatric samples of\n                    <jats:italic>A. viejita<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the Maracaibo Lake basin. Each genetic group showed high genetic diversity, but also evidence of recent bottleneck events and significant-high values of inbreeding. Morphometric analyses provided evidence of significant phenotypic differentiation among\n                    <jats:italic>A. microlepis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Astyanax<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. 1 (Asp1), and\n                    <jats:italic>Astyanax<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. 2 (Asp2). Morphological patterns ranged from the robust profile of\n                    <jats:italic>A. microlepis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to the streamlined shape of\n                    <jats:italic>Astyanax<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. 2 (Asp2), with\n                    <jats:italic>Astyanax<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. 1 (Asp1) displaying intermediate traits and localized differences in head length and fin placement. Statistical support from permutation tests and a high overall classification accuracy (95.65%) underscore the existence of distinct morphospecies, suggesting that phenotypic differentiation is well-established, despite the complex evolutionary history of the group. This study suggests the presence of cryptic diversity within\n                    <jats:italic>Astyanax<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. and provides valuable genetic information for the conservation and management of their populations in the Magdalena basin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:26:25Z","timestamp":1789752385000},"page":"e0347004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cryptic diversity in Astyanax (Characiformes: Acestrorhamphidae) from the Magdalena basin, Colombia: Insights from molecular and morphometric evidence"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0760-3747","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edna Judith","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular, Escuela de Biociencias","place":["Medell\u00edn, Colombia"],"department":["Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional de Colombia \u2013 Sede Medell\u00edn"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin Le\u00f3n","family":"Garc\u00eda-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular, Escuela de Biociencias","place":["Medell\u00edn, Colombia"],"department":["Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional de Colombia \u2013 Sede Medell\u00edn"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela Ram\u00edrez","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular, Escuela de Biociencias","place":["Medell\u00edn, Colombia"],"department":["Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional de Colombia \u2013 Sede Medell\u00edn"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"DoNascimiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Ictiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda","place":["Medell\u00edn, Colombia"],"department":["Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0347004.ref001","volume-title":"Eschmeyer\u2019s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References","author":"R Fricke","year":"2026"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347004.ref002","article-title":"Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)","volume":"202","author":"BF Melo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0347004.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167203","article-title":"Highlighting Astyanax Species Diversity through DNA Barcoding","volume":"11","author":"BC Rossini","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0347004.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12345","article-title":"Morphology, molecules and the phylogeny of Characidae (Teleostei, Characiformes)","volume":"35","author":"JM Mirande","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347004.ref005","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Opening the Trojan horse: phylogeny of Astyanax, two new genera and resurrection of Psalidodon (Teleostei: Characidae)","volume":"190","author":"GE Ter\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc"},{"key":"pone.0347004.ref006","article-title":"Lista de especies de peces de agua dulce de Colombia\/ Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Colombia","author":"C Do Nascimiento","year":"2026","journal-title":"Asociaci\u00f3n Colombiana de Icti\u00f3logos"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347004.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5962\/p.234839","article-title":"The fishes of western South America. 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