{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T18:32:12Z","timestamp":1776364332551,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education and Science Committee","award":["20TTWS-4A042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20TTWS-4A042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Toxoplasmosis, caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is a zoonotic disease affecting almost all warm-blooded vertebrates. Despite its importance to both humans and animals, research on toxoplasmosis in Armenia has been limited, with a notable 35-year gap in studies focused on host animals. This study aimed to conduct a survey of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    seroprevalence among livestock in Armenia. A total of 1996 serum samples of sheep, pigs, and cattle were collected from the northern provinces (Shirak, Lori, Tavush) of Armenia and screened by the ELISA test for the presence of total anti-\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG and IgM antibodies. In the present study, the overall seroprevalence of T. gondii in livestock from northern Armenia was 15.5% (308\/1,982; 95% CI: 14.0\u201317.2). The overall prevalence of infection among sheep was 22.5% (196\/870; 95% CI: 19.8\u201325.5), pigs 28.6% (4\/14; 95% CI: 8.4\u201358.1), and cattle 10.1% (112\/1,112; 95% CI: 8.4\u201312.0). After excluding pigs due to insufficient sample size, a Pearson\u2019s chi-square test demonstrated a strong and statistically significant association between host species and\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection status (\u03c7\u00b2\u2009=\u200958.31, df\u2009=\u20091, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). To investigate environmental determinants of infection, species-specific logistic regression models were fitted using temperature and elevation as continuous predictors. In cattle, none of the environmental variables showed statistically significant associations with seropositivity, and model fit did not improve over the null model. In contrast, sheep displayed a strong and non-linear relationship between seropositivity and elevation. The likelihood of infection decreased from low to mid altitudes and rose slightly at the highest elevations. Temperature showed no detectable effect in either species. These findings reveal clear species-specific differences in environmental sensitivity and highlight elevation as a key ecological factor shaping\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposure risks in sheep.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T17:29:41Z","timestamp":1776360581000},"page":"e0347101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence and altitude-dependent patterns of Toxoplasma gondii infection in livestock from northern Armenia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7086-1680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruzanna","family":"Gevorgyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8516-2778","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sargis A.","family":"Aghayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7533-1670","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oleg","family":"Shcherbakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-5803","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Daryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9198-2255","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tigran","family":"Abgaryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hasmik","family":"Gevorgyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0347101.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003199373","author":"JP 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(Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0347101.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381537","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1381537","article-title":"Deciphering the epidemiological dynamics: Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in mainland China\u2019s food animals, 2010-2023","volume":"14","author":"Z Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0347101.ref009","article-title":"EFSA\u2019s activities on emerging risks in 2022","volume":"21","author":"G Gkrintzali","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFSA Supporting Publications"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347101.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011908","article-title":"The role of species ecology in predicting Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in wild and domesticated mammals globally","volume":"20","author":"AG Wilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS 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Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pone.0347101.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2021.102533","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in humans and animals in Japan: an epidemiological overview","volume":"87","author":"AE Abdelbaset","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"pone.0347101.ref015","article-title":"2024 EFSA Annual Report Emerging Risks and Horizon Scanning Activities","volume":"22","author":"G Gkrintzali","year":"2025","journal-title":"EFSA Supporting Publications"},{"key":"pone.0347101.ref016","first-page":"313","article-title":"Some data on toxoplasmosis in Armenia","volume":"2","author":"MA Sarkisyan","year":"1963","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Armenian Anti-Plague Station"},{"key":"pone.0347101.ref017","first-page":"44","article-title":"About toxoplasmosis in Yerevan.","author":"AM Sarkisyan","year":"1971","journal-title":"Materials of the Scientific Session of the Institute of 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