{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:00:48Z","timestamp":1792810848977,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BAS-USDA Program in Agriculture and Life Sciences","award":["BAS-USDA PALS LS-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAS-USDA PALS LS-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A cross-sectional live bird market (LBM) survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and carbapenem-resistant (CR)\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in retail chicken meat and LBM sewage in Bangladesh.\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were identified using culture-based and molecular methods. Isolates were tested for CR by a disk diffusion test; a confirmatory ESBL screening was performed by double disk synergy test. The isolates were screened for ESBL and CR genes using PCR. Prevalence of ESBL-\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in retail chicken meat was 70% and 43.4%, respectively while in LBM sewage, it was 79.7% and 28.1%, respectively. Carbapenem resistance was also common, detected in 54.1% and 46.9% of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 37.2% and 12.5% of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. isolated from retail chicken meat and LBM sewage, respectively. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of ESBL and CR genes, including\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    gene was detected at low frequencies among ESBL-\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    from retail chicken meat (1.3%) and LBM sewage (3.9%), and among ESBL-\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. from retail chicken meat (3.6%), while\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-2<\/jats:sub>\n                    was identified in a single ESBL-\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolate from LBM sewage. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    was detected in 5.2% of CR-\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 33.6% of CR-\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. from retail chicken meat. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 98.2% and 92.2% of ESBL-\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 97.8% and 94.4% of ESBL-\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. from retail chicken meat and LBM sewage, respectively; while, 98.8% and 100% of CR-\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 97.5% and 87.5% of CR-\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. from both types of samples, respectively were MDR. These results highlight the urgent need for strengthened antibiotic stewardship, regular surveillance, and improve biosecurity in live bird markets in Bangladesh.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:34:46Z","timestamp":1777570486000},"page":"e0347107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Distribution of ESBL-producing and carbapenem-resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. in retail chicken meat and live bird market sewage in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9586-3161","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mst. Sonia","family":"Parvin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3696-7403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sudipta","family":"Talukder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayra Tasnin","family":"Sharmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Mehedi","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4213-2784","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Taohidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0347107.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review on antibiotic resistance","author":"J O\u2019Neil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0347107.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12101504","article-title":"Empowering low- and middle-income countries to combat AMR by minimal use of antibiotics: a way forward","volume":"12","author":"M Kanan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0347107.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-022-01157-1","article-title":"Emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens from farm to 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