{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:12:12Z","timestamp":1786119132045,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has assessed the relationship between sleep disturbances and quality of life in the general population of Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the relationship between sleep disorders and quality of life and to determine how common sleep disturbances are in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. To this end, participants were randomly selected from public areas. Study data were collected through a survey covering sociodemographic details, health information, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess sleep quality, and the Short Form-12 to measure health-related quality of life. The reliability of the scales was confirmed using Cronbach\u2019s alpha. The association between sleep quality and quality of life was analyzed using t-tests, Pearson\u2019s correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression. Of 1,241 participants, 64.5% were females, 94.8% were Saudi nationals, and 64.8% were students. The mean global PSQI score was 7.38\u2009\u00b1\u20093.19, with 70.2% of participants reporting poor sleep quality. The mean physical and mental component scores were 42.6\u2009\u00b1\u20097.98 and 38.9\u2009\u00b1\u20098.03, respectively. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that after controlling for demographic characteristics, chronic disease, and body mass index, sleep-related variables significantly predicted both physical and mental health-related quality of life. The analysis showed that sleep-related factors had a substantially larger predictive contribution toward mental health (\u0394R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20095.7%) than toward physical health (\u0394R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.0%). In conclusion, this study revealed a high rate of poor sleep quality (70.2%) in Qassim, Saudi Arabia, with notable negative effects on mental health. Increasing awareness and integrating sleep assessments into public health initiatives are crucial for improving sleep quality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:34:34Z","timestamp":1786037674000},"page":"e0347188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of sleep disturbances and their association with quality of life among the general population in Qassim, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0067-7479","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jolan","family":"Alsaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghadi","family":"Alkhalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rand","family":"Alsaleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betool","family":"Alqefari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifa","family":"Alfozan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0067-9951","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lama","family":"Alqaraawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siraj","family":"Wali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0347188.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26929","article-title":"Insomnia: Definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences","volume":"3","author":"T Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0347188.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2012","article-title":"Sleep problems: an emerging global epidemic? Findings from the INDEPTH WHO-SAGE study among more than 40,000 older adults from 8 countries across Africa and Asia","volume":"35","author":"S Stranges","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0347188.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2017.3.17101","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep duration among Saudi adults","volume":"38","author":"AE Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347188.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48334-7","article-title":"Sleep problems and depression among 237 023 community-dwelling adults in 46 low- and middle-income countries","volume":"9","author":"A Stickley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0347188.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081588","article-title":"Relationship between Sleep Disorders and Health Related Quality of Life-Results from the Georgia SOMNUS Study","volume":"15","author":"N Darchia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347188.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000968","article-title":"Impact of sleep disorders and other factors on the quality of life in general population: A cross-sectional study","volume":"207","author":"S Hallit","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"pone.0347188.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27921","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27921","article-title":"Insomnia, health-related quality of life and health outcomes in children: A seven year longitudinal cohort","volume":"6","author":"D Combs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0347188.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00076","article-title":"Relationship of sleep quality and health-related quality of life in adolescents according to self- and proxy ratings: A questionnaire survey","volume":"3","author":"K Roeser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0347188.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.14419\/ijans.v6i1.7415","article-title":"Prevalence of insomnia and its associated factors among rural elderly: A community based study","volume":"6","author":"A-H El-Gilany","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Adv Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347188.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4946.17.04818-6","article-title":"Sleep duration, quality of life and depression in adolescents: A school-based survey","volume":"71","author":"C Stheneur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0347188.ref011","first-page":"1431","article-title":"Examination of sleep quality and factors affecting sleep quality of a group of university students","author":"S Yildirim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Caring Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347188.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59020416","article-title":"Factors affecting sleep quality of college students during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A cross-sectional study","volume":"59","author":"M Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"pone.0347188.ref013","unstructured":"Emirate of Al-Qasim province. https:\/\/www.moi.gov.sa\/wps\/portal\/Home\/emirates\/qasim\/!ut\/p\/z1\/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8ziLQPdnT08TIy83Q0dzQwcPc2N_A08TQ3dPY30wwkpiAJKG-AAjgZA_VFgJc7ujh4m5j4GBhY-7qYGno4eoUGWgcbGBo7GUAV4zCjIjTDIdFRUBAApuVo7\/dz\/d5\/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80TmxFL1o2XzBJNDRIMTQySzg0UEYwQVEySkNBQ0kyMDQz\/. Accessed 2024 August 10."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347188.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945909348230","article-title":"Translating the pittsburgh sleep quality index into Arabic","volume":"32","author":"KH Suleiman","year":"2010","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347188.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2008.352","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"28","author":"AH Al-Shehri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"pone.0347188.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleepe.2022.100020","article-title":"Sleep quality in the Brazilian general population: A cross-sectional study","volume":"2","author":"LF Drager","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0347188.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.03.008","article-title":"Sleep quality in the general population: psychometric properties of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, derived from a German community sample of 9284 people","volume":"30","author":"A Hinz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347188.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02371-x","article-title":"Sleep quality of Shanghai residents: Population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"29","author":"W Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0347188.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2013.06.022","article-title":"Benchmarks for interpretation of score differences on the SF-36 health survey for patients with diabetes","volume":"16","author":"JB Bjorner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"pone.0347188.ref020","unstructured":"Maruish ME. User\u2019s manual for the SF-36v2 health survey. Lincoln: Quality Metric Inc; 2011."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347188.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0842-1","article-title":"Insomnia, hypnotic use, and health-related quality of life in a nationally representative sample","volume":"24","author":"J Scalo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347188.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000062554.74615.4C","article-title":"Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life: The remarkable universality of half a standard deviation","volume":"41","author":"GR Norman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347188.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200018050-00001","article-title":"The concept of clinically meaningful difference in health-related quality-of-life research. How meaningful is it?","volume":"18","author":"RD Hays","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347188.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27768","article-title":"Sleep disturbances, quality of life, and ethnicity: The Sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"6","author":"CM Baldwin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0347188.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4510","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0035","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness in a general population sample: The role of sleep apnea, age, obesity, diabetes, and depression","volume":"90","author":"EO Bixler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347188.ref026","first-page":"531","article-title":"The impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome severity on physical performance and mental health. The use of SF-36 questionnaire in sleep apnea","volume":"17","author":"K Karkoulias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347188.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.11.005","article-title":"Validity of the mental health component scale of the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (MCS-12) as measure of common mental disorders in the general population","volume":"152","author":"SC Gill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0347188.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.12.023","article-title":"Validation of four measures of mental health against depression and generalized anxiety in a community based sample","volume":"225","author":"KM Kiely","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0347188.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-11-207","article-title":"Quality of life in patients at first time visit for sleep disorders of breathing at a sleep centre","volume":"11","author":"S Iacono Isidoro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347188.ref030","article-title":"Prevalence, sleep characteristics, and comorbidities in a population at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea: A nationwide questionnaire study in South Korea","volume":"13","author":"J-S Sunwoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0347188.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.11.1457","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia, depression, and anxiety","volume":"28","author":"DJ Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347188.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/24.1.96","article-title":"The association of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep symptoms with quality of life in the Sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"24","author":"CM Baldwin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347188.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200101000-00006","article-title":"SF-36: Evaluation of quality of life in severe and mild insomniacs compared with good sleepers","volume":"63","author":"D L\u00e9ger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0347188.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.13175\/swjpcc082-16","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and quality of life: Comparison of the SAQLI, FOSQ, and SF-36 Questionnaires","volume":"13","author":"GE Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Southwest J Pulm Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347188.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200203000-00018","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and health: The role of sleep","volume":"64","author":"PJ Moore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347188.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.12.014","article-title":"Association of socioeconomic status with sleep disturbances in the Swiss population-based CoLaus study","volume":"16","author":"S Stringhini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0347188.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00171-5","article-title":"Quality of life in an urban Asian population: The impact of ethnicity and socio-economic status","volume":"56","author":"J Thumboo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347188.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-009-8057-x","article-title":"Assessing the socio-economic and demographic impact on health-related quality of life: Evidence from Greece","volume":"54","author":"E Pappa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0347188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:34:41Z","timestamp":1786037681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0347188"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tanja","family":"Grubi\u0107 Kezele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0347188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]}}}