{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:01:26Z","timestamp":1785524486425,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023674","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP. 2\/361\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP. 2\/361\/45"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Typhoid is a significant global health challenge due to its high pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance.\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>S.typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u00a0can switch its lifestyles between biofilm and planktonic phase which allows it to evade host defenses and develop resistance to antibiotics.\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. harbors multiple genes encoding efflux-pumps systems whose up-regulation contributes to multi-drug resistance (MDR) and extensive drug-resistance (XDR). To overcome the battle against resistant\n                      <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains, novel non-antibiotics inhibitors are required for inhibitory application. This study assesses the inhibitory effect of lignans against drug resistance of\n                      <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clinical resistant and sensitive strains of\n                      <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                      were obtained and characterized. The inhibitory effect of lignans, specifically Schisandrin A and B, purified from the plant\n                      <jats:italic>Schisandra chinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , are found to be effective non-antibiotic inhibitors were evaluated through standard microbiological techniques like growth curve and time-kill assays. Impact on bacterial morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our study explores two approaches, such as efflux pumps (EPs) inhibition and antibiofilm assays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using colony-forming unit (CFU) assays, growth curve analysis, and SEM imaging, we observed significant bacteriostatic effects, with Schisandrin B causing notable membrane disruption. Schisandrin B also showed remarkable biofilm inhibition (90.33%) and strong efflux pumps inhibition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study offers a strong basis for future research on addressing antibiotic resistance in clinically relevant pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:38:26Z","timestamp":1785519506000},"page":"e0347214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Schisandrins as novel efflux pumps inhibitors and non-antibiotic compounds against multi- and extensively-drug resistant clinical strains of Salmonella typhi: An in-vitro 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