{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:14:34Z","timestamp":1778696074324,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 ES032153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 ES032153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 ES007033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 ES007033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been linked to lower birth weight (BW) and shorter gestational age (GA) at delivery. Most research has focused on populations in high-income countries, leaving low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) understudied. We examined associations between pregnancy urinary PAH metabolites and birth outcomes in a prospective cohort in Nairobi, Kenya. The study population was drawn from women and their newborn babies enrolled in a pregnancy cohort. Third-trimester urinary mono-hydroxylated PAH metabolites (OH-PAH) were measured and infant BW and GA were ascertained using medical record abstraction and self-report; BW-for-GA z-scores were computed. Linear and modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate the effects of five OH-PAHs on birth outcomes; Weighted Quantile Sum regression was used to explore OH-PAH mixture effects. Among 353 mother-infant pairs, the median infant BW was 3.2\u2009kg and 7.6% were born preterm. All OH-PAH metabolites were present in urine of &gt;99% of mothers. Individual OH-PAH concentrations were not associated with BW or BW-for-GA z-scores. One metabolite, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, was associated with shortened gestation (RR\u2009=\u2009\u22121.6 day per doubling in concentration, 95% confidence interval: \u22123.1, \u22120.1). This association was attenuated after adjusting for self-reported exposure to household fuel and outdoor combustion and was strengthened among female infants, but not male infants, in sex-stratified analyses. Other metabolites and the OH-PAH mixture were not associated with birth outcomes. Our findings suggest that exposure to 2-hydroxyphenanthrene may have a modest adverse effect on pregnancy duration, with potential sex-specific differences in association. No associations were observed for markers of fetal growth. These results highlight need for further studies on sex-specific vulnerabilities and the role of environmental co-exposures in impacting birth outcomes in LMICs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:33:37Z","timestamp":1778693617000},"page":"e0347486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and birth outcomes in a pregnancy cohort in Nairobi, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7858-2608","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allison R.","family":"Sherris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscillah Wanini","family":"Edemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Riederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Adhiambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Olweywe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prestone","family":"Owiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4683-2270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Karr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kinuthia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9564-1828","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbra A.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2233-2706","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher","family":"Zuidema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Maleche-Obimbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Benki-Nugent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0347486.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00282628","article-title":"A review of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Sources, fate and behavior","volume":"60","author":"SO Baek","year":"1991","journal-title":"Water Air Soil 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