{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:11:07Z","timestamp":1787235067632,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are at high risk of developing respiratory muscle weakness, which may lead to prolonged mechanical ventilation and worsening clinical outcomes. Noninvasive neuromuscular electrical stimulation techniques, such as transcutaneous electrical phrenic nerve stimulation (TEPNS) and transcutaneous diaphragmatic electrical stimulation (TDES), offer potential therapeutic options for patients unable to generate voluntary active contractions. However, there is limited research directly comparing the effects of these modalities on diaphragmatic function. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of TEPNS and TDES on diaphragmatic function in healthy adults. Secondary objectives include assessing the safety, feasibility, and perceived discomfort associated with the application of each technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study will be a bicentric, randomized, single-blind, crossover trial that will be conducted at two hospitals in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Healthy adults aged 18\u201360, with a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , no history of respiratory diseases, and no contraindications for the proposed electrical stimulation modalities will be included. Diaphragm thickness, thickening fraction, and mobility will be assessed using ultrasound during tidal breathing. Participants will be randomly assigned to begin the intervention with one of two experimental conditions: (1) TEPNS protocol or (2) TDES protocol. In addition, data on the safety and feasibility of each electrical stimulation modalities will also be collected.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This protocol is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under the number NCT06339632.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:28:04Z","timestamp":1777310884000},"page":"e0347493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of transcutaneous electrical phrenic nerve stimulation and transcutaneous electrical diaphragmatic stimulation: A protocol for a randomized, single-blind, crossover trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9493-0150","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caroline Gomes","family":"M\u00f3l","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0852-7013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ricardo Kenji","family":"Nawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica Cristiane da Cruz","family":"Britto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Afonso Caserta","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine Cristina de","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9902-5870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leandro Teixeira","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato Fraga","family":"Righetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4943-2085","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wellington Pereira","family":"Yamaguti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347493.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05944-4","article-title":"ICU-acquired weakness","volume":"46","author":"I Vanhorebeek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0347493.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.22.2859","article-title":"Paresis acquired in the intensive care unit: a prospective multicenter study","volume":"288","author":"B De Jonghe","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347493.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201312-2257OC","article-title":"Acute outcomes and 1-year mortality of intensive care unit-acquired weakness. 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