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Intervention effects were modeled using linear mixed models following a pre-specified statistical analysis plan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 956 participants (mean 76.3 years, 53% female, 12% Black race), hearing intervention did not impact change in SPPB (difference comparing intervention to control\u2009=\u20090.00 standard deviation [SD] units, 95% confidence interval [CI]:-0.14, 0.14) or grip strength (difference\u2009=\u20090.01 SD, 95% CI: \u22120.06, 0.08). However, treatment effects varied by recruitment cohort; although findings were not statistically significant, they suggest a clinically meaningful benefit (slower decline) in participants with faster rates of cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These secondary results have direct relevance for inclusion in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Future research should be designed to test whether hearing intervention can reduce short-term declines in physical function, particularly among those experiencing cognitive decline. Continuing follow-up of the ACHIEVE study participants will yield insights into longer-term (&gt;3 years) effects of intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:44:11Z","timestamp":1777484651000},"page":"e0347500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of hearing intervention on physical function: A secondary analysis of the ACHIEVE study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6985-048X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer 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