{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:28:13Z","timestamp":1777872493257,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent proteinuria is an early and modifiable marker of kidney damage. Although Nigeria has the highest burden of sickle cell anaemia (SCA) globally, the prevalence of proteinuria is unknown largely because many of the studies only determined proteinuria in a single urine sample or used less sensitive methods, such as dipstick. Unlike dipstick screening, quantitative urine protein-creatinine ratio allows more accurate detection of low-grade proteinuria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence and determinants of persistent proteinuria among children with SCA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with SCA and age and sex-matched controls attending a publicly funded hospital in central Nigeria were consecutively enrolled. Proteinuria was determined at the first visit using the spot urine protein creatinine ratio and repeated at least 3 months afterwards for those with proteinuria. In addition, serum creatinine, full blood count, and fetal hemoglobin were determined at the first visit. Persistent proteinuria was defined as a urine protein-to-creatinine ratio \u22650.2 at both visits over a follow-up period of at least 3 months. Participants were classified based on the presence or absence of persistent proteinuria, and baseline characteristics were compared using within-group distributions for categorical variables with appropriate statistical tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred and forty-nine children, each with SCA and controls, were enrolled, respectively. The median (IQR) age of the study participants was 9.0 (6.0) years for both groups, with 65% being males. Persistent proteinuria occurred in 35 (23.5%) children with SCA versus 4 (2.7%) controls (p-value &lt; 0.01). Children with persistent proteinuria had a lower level of fetal hemoglobin. (adjusted OR 0.583, 95% C.I 0.473\u20130.719).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About a quarter of children with SCA had persistent proteinuria, an early and modifiable marker of chronic kidney disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:41:24Z","timestamp":1777570884000},"page":"e0347556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Persistent proteinuria among a cohort of Nigerian children with sickle cell anaemia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3379-4164","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Angela Esohe","family":"Adeoti-Lawani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Obiorah","family":"Ezeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Eberechi","family":"Oyenusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris Imokhuede","family":"Esezobor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0347556.ref001","first-page":"895","article-title":"Sickle cell disease in children","volume":"72","author":"ER Meier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347556.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-019-0720-0","article-title":"Microalbuminuria risks and glomerular filtration in children 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