{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:06:06Z","timestamp":1792649166132,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund, Chulalongkorn University","award":["FF2567: HEAF67300026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF2567: HEAF67300026"]}]},{"name":"the Ratchadapiseksompotch Fund, Chulalongkorn University","award":["RA65\/043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA65\/043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Vitamin D deficiency is associated with poor outcomes and increased mortality in cirrhosis. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , has antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties; however, its effects on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver fibrosis remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of calcitriol on oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis in DEN-induced liver fibrosis rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n\u2009=\u20096\/group) were assigned to four groups: control (CON), DEN, DEN\u2009+\u2009low-dose calcitriol (DEN\u2009+\u2009LVD\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 5 \u00b5g\/kg BW), and DEN\u2009+\u2009high-dose calcitriol (DEN\u2009+\u2009HVD\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 10 \u00b5g\/kg BW). Liver fibrosis was induced by weekly DEN injections (70 mg\/kg, i.p.) for 8 weeks. Calcitriol was administered twice weekly (i.p.) throughout the experiment. Oxidative stress (hepatic malondialdehyde; MDA), liver injury (serum ALT, AST), hepatic inflammation (NF-\u03baB p65), antioxidant gene expression (SOD-1, GPX-1), and fibrosis markers (TGF-\u03b21, MMP-12, TIMP-1, \u03b1-SMA, collagen) were evaluated by biochemical assays, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, western blotting and H&amp;E and Sirius Red staining. Calcitriol significantly attenuated DEN-induced oxidative stress by decreasing hepatic MDA levels in a dose-dependent manner, and lowered serum ALT and AST levels. It partially enhanced hepatic antioxidant defenses by increasing SOD-1 expression toward control levels and upregulating GPX-1 expression. Calcitriol also markedly suppressed NF-\u03baB p65 activation and fibrotic markers (TGF-\u03b21, MMP-12, \u03b1-SMA, collagen), which corresponded with improved histopathological fibrosis scores. TIMP1 expression remained unchanged across all groups. Therefore, calcitriol attenuates DEN-induced liver fibrosis by reducing oxidative stress, suppressing inflammatory and fibrogenic signaling, and enhancing antioxidant defenses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:37:53Z","timestamp":1778089073000},"page":"e0347908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Calcitriol attenuates diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats by reducing oxidative stress and fibrogenic mediators"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7514-9035","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Komsan","family":"Arramrak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3588-3766","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Namthip","family":"Witayavanitkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maneerat","family":"Chayanupatkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natcha","family":"Wanpiyarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasong","family":"Siriviriyakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duangporn","family":"Werawatganon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347908.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17948-6","article-title":"Global burden of liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases caused by specific etiologies from 1990 to 2019","volume":"24","author":"X-N Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347908.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.09.014","article-title":"Burden of liver diseases in the world","volume":"70","author":"SK Asrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683719","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.683719","article-title":"Environmental risk factors implicated in liver disease: a mini-review","volume":"9","author":"R Melaram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0347908.ref004","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of liver disease: current trends and future directions","volume":"15","author":"H Wazir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347908.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30342-5","article-title":"Liver diseases in the Asia-Pacific region: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission","volume":"5","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766855","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.766855","article-title":"Novel therapeutic targets in liver fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"J Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.106022","article-title":"Vitamin D3 supplementation alleviates chemically-induced cirrhosis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"215","author":"RL Goto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347908.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26488","article-title":"Low vitamin D serum concentration is associated with high levels of hepatitis B virus replication in chronically infected patients","volume":"58","author":"H Farnik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0347908.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25930","article-title":"Liver vitamin D receptor, CYP2R1, and CYP27A1 expression: relationship with liver histology and vitamin D3 levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or hepatitis C virus","volume":"56","author":"I Barchetta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0347908.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132119","article-title":"Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with infections and mortality in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"F Finkelmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0347908.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12731","article-title":"Severe 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency identifies a poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma - a prospective cohort study","volume":"39","author":"F Finkelmeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347908.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3628","article-title":"Low 25 (OH) vitamin D levels are associated with increased prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and significant liver fibrosis","volume":"39","author":"S Ciardullo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0347908.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v15.i6.755","article-title":"Treatment of liver fibrosis: past, current, and future","volume":"15","author":"C-Y Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347908.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/138945011793591635","article-title":"Vitamin D: evolutionary, physiological and health perspectives","volume":"12","author":"MF Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0347908.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4907","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194907","article-title":"Vitamin D as a protector of arterial health: potential role in peripheral arterial disease formation","volume":"20","author":"SM Krishna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347908.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0002","article-title":"Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptor ligands","volume":"26","author":"S Nagpal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.140","article-title":"Vitamin D and liver fibrosis: molecular mechanisms and clinical studies","volume":"109","author":"W Udomsinprasert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347908.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020424","article-title":"Vitamin D ameliorates the hepatic oxidative damage and fibrotic effect caused by thioacetamide in rats","volume":"11","author":"A Megahed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347908.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2019.10.007","article-title":"Active vitamin D impedes the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting cell senescence in a rat model","volume":"44","author":"M Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref020","first-page":"319","article-title":"Antioxidative effect of vitamin D3 on zinc-induced oxidative stress in CNS","volume":"1053","author":"AMY Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677215570086","article-title":"Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced carcinogenic liver injury in mice","volume":"49","author":"R Tolba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0347908.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.8.2551","article-title":"The carcinogenic agent diethylnitrosamine induces early oxidative stress, inflammation and proliferation in rat liver, stomach and colon: protective effect of ginger extract","volume":"20","author":"DF Mansour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347908.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1272-8","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of N-nitrosodimethylamine induced hepatic fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"J George","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160053","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1160053","article-title":"An update on animal models of liver fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"S Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122343","article-title":"Research progress on rodent models and its mechanisms of liver injury","volume":"337","author":"J Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347908.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2006.01620.x","article-title":"A stable model of cirrhotic portal hypertension in the rat: thioacetamide revisited","volume":"36","author":"W Laleman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.146124","article-title":"Pterostilbene ameliorates the disrupted Adars expression and improves liver fibrosis in DEN-induced liver injury in Wistar rats: a novel potential effect","volume":"813","author":"MI Mohamad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347908.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12055","article-title":"Antifibrogenic effect of melatonin in rats with experimental liver cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride","volume":"2","author":"S Bona","year":"2018","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347908.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2021.100353","article-title":"Optimized protocol for an inducible rat model of liver tumor with chronic hepatocellular injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis","volume":"2","author":"Z Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"STAR Protoc"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115601","article-title":"Effects of melatonin in a standard model of diethylnitrosamine-induced rat cirrhosis","volume":"203","author":"M da Silva Brasil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0347908.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123406","article-title":"Maresin-1 prevents liver fibrosis by targeting Nrf2 and NF-\u03baB, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"10","author":"MJ Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347908.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01147-7","article-title":"A novel mechanistic approach for the anti-fibrotic potential of rupatadine in rat liver via amendment of PAF\/NF-\u0138B p65\/TGF-\u03b21 and hedgehog\/HIF-1\u03b1\/VEGF trajectories","volume":"31","author":"MA Didamoony","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114472","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases induce extracellular matrix degradation through various pathways to alleviate hepatic fibrosis","volume":"161","author":"L Shan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0347908.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i19.3044","article-title":"Correlation between TIMP-1 expression and liver fibrosis in two rat liver fibrosis models","volume":"12","author":"Q-H Nie","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347908.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00671-1","article-title":"TIMP-1 is upregulated, but not essential in hepatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in mice","volume":"7","author":"ND Thiele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347908.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-022-01667-4","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by a methionine- and choline-deficient diet","volume":"45","author":"FM Miguel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0347908.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11339","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111339","article-title":"Glutathione and selenium supplementation attenuates liver injury in diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenic mice by enhancing glutathione-related antioxidant capacities","volume":"25","author":"Y-F Hsiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347908.ref038","first-page":"600","article-title":"Administration of substances to laboratory animals: routes of administration and factors to consider","volume":"50","author":"PV Turner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2025.101901","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation: Biochemical and inflammatory effects in non-pathological Wistar rats","volume":"14","author":"S Muller de Moura Sarmento","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0347908.ref040","first-page":"59","article-title":"The effects of hypervitaminosis D in rats on histology and weights of some immune system organs and organs prone to calcification","volume":"8","author":"SS Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Phytopharm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347908.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/187152013804487290","article-title":"Safety issues of vitamin D supplementation","volume":"13","author":"A Zittermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med Chem"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0347908.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13203161","article-title":"Rat grimace scale as a method to evaluate animal welfare, nociception, and quality of the euthanasia method of wistar rats","volume":"13","author":"A Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1050-2_3","article-title":"Tissue processing and hematoxylin and eosin staining.","volume-title":"Histopathology: methods and protocols","author":"AT Feldman","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347908.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240201","article-title":"An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C. The METAVIR Cooperative Study Group","volume":"24","author":"P Bedossa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347908.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2018.0018","article-title":"Progress in non-invasive detection of liver fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"C Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347908.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020447","article-title":"Quantification of liver fibrosis\u2014A comparative study","volume":"10","author":"A Arjmand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347908.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.18006\/2023.11(5).822.833","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of masson\u2019s trichrome and picrosirius red staining for digital collagen quantification using ImageJ in rabbit wound healing research","volume":"11","author":"K Sharun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Biol Agric Sci"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref048","first-page":"181","article-title":"Chapter ten - isolation and characterization of human amniotic fluid-derived exosomes.","volume-title":"Methods in enzymology. 645","author":"S Sheller-Miller","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4226-3.00006-8","article-title":"6 - Tissue processing.","volume-title":"Bancroft\u2019s theory and practice of histological techniques","author":"LT Spencer","year":"2013","edition":"7"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.08.016","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of berberine attenuate hepatic fibrosis induced by thioacetamide injection in rats","volume":"294","author":"LA Eissa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347908.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90021-2","article-title":"Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction","volume":"162","author":"P Chomczynski","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347908.ref052","first-page":"62","article-title":"Anti-fibrotic effect of intravenous umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) injection in experimental rats induced liver fibrosis","volume":"18","author":"T Sungkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Glas (Zenica)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0347908.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.03.001","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of hepatic fibrosis with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine (2019 edition)","volume":"18","author":"Hepatology Committee of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine, China","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0347908.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233714552120","article-title":"Methanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic hepatic fibrosis in rats","volume":"32","author":"A Nitha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2022.116324","article-title":"Vitamin D ameliorates diethylnitrosamine-induced liver preneoplasia: a pivotal role of CYP3A4\/CYP2E1 via DPP-4 enzyme inhibition","volume":"458","author":"HE Eitah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347908.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2016.12.017","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, regulates lipid metabolism by inducing degradation of SREBP\/SCAP","volume":"24","author":"L Asano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Chem Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0347908.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0757","article-title":"Rising serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels after weight loss in obese women correlate with improvement in insulin resistance","volume":"95","author":"T Tzotzas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804274-8.00040-0","article-title":"Experimental models of liver damage mediated by oxidative stress.","author":"P Muriel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver pathophysiology. Elsevier"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2024.100737","article-title":"Biomarkers of hepatic toxicity: an overview","volume":"100","author":"S Thakur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5551","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S330499","article-title":"Curcumae ameliorates diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma via alteration of oxidative stress, inflammation and gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref061","first-page":"301","volume-title":"\u03b2-Carotene inhibits NF-\u03baB and restrains diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic inflammation in Wistar rats","author":"U Latief","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0347908.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2022.130136","article-title":"The link between vitamin D status and NF-\u03baB-associated renal dysfunction in experimental diabetes mellitus","volume":"1866","author":"A Mazanova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0347908.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20135","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c00134","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of vitamin D3 on NF-\u03baB and JAK\/STAT signaling pathways in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"9","author":"W Hardiyanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0347908.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x","article-title":"Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"47","author":"S Marklund","year":"1974","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0347908.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1137600","article-title":"Protective effect of yellow tea extract on N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced liver carcinogenesis","volume":"54","author":"M Kujawska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347908.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.07.029","article-title":"Oxidative damage associated with obesity is prevented by overexpression of CuZn- or Mn-superoxide dismutase","volume":"438","author":"Y Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"pone.0347908.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.06.008","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities are partially responsible for determining the susceptibility of cells to oxidative stress","volume":"226","author":"MS Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0347908.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.05774.x","article-title":"Seleno-independent glutathione peroxidases. More than simple antioxidant scavengers","volume":"274","author":"S Herbette","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347908.ref069","first-page":"647","article-title":"Review: In vivo models for measuring placental glutatione-S-transferase (GST-P 7-7) levels: a suitable biomarker for understanding cancer pathogenesis","volume":"26","author":"J Noguti","year":"2012","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0347908.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-021-02062-w","article-title":"Protective effects of vitamin D on learning and memory deficit induced by scopolamine in male rats: the roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and oxidative stress","volume":"394","author":"F Mansouri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0347908.ref071","article-title":"Vitamin D mitigates hyperglycemia-induced cognition decline in Danio rerio (zebrafish) through the activation of antioxidant mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"R R","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0347908.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122345","article-title":"Nrf2 and oxidative stress: a general overview of mechanisms and implications in human disease","volume":"11","author":"V Ngo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0347908.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4117-y","article-title":"An oxidative stress paradox: time for a conceptual change?","volume":"59","author":"JT Haas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0347908.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.03.028","article-title":"A vitamin D receptor\/SMAD genomic circuit gates hepatic fibrotic response","volume":"153","author":"N Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0347908","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:38:03Z","timestamp":1778089083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0347908"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ze","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0347908","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]}}}