{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:21:27Z","timestamp":1787959287490,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPID-560523-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPID-560523-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, particularly subtypes such as H5N1 and H7N9, have caused widespread outbreaks in wild birds, poultry, livestock and occasionally humans, raising concerns about cross-species transmission and pandemic potential. Effective control and surveillance strategies require a thorough understanding of HPAI transmission dynamics, which can be supported by mathematical modelling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review aimed to identify mechanistic models used to study HPAI transmission. Specifically, we sought to categorize model types, describe their application contexts (e.g., wild birds, poultry, livestock, and humans), and highlight modelling gaps relevant to understanding and mitigating the risks of HPAI spread.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA guidelines and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR), we conducted systematic searches of PubMed and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed studies employing deterministic and stochastic models to analyze HPAI transmission. Eligible articles published between January 2023 and June 2025 were screened and grouped by model structure, host populations, transmission pathways, and modelling objectives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After screening, 30 studies published after 2023 were included in this scoping review. Compartmental models were the most common (26 studies), with 16 deterministic and 10 stochastic approaches. These models were primarily used to describe transmission among wild birds, poultry, livestock, and humans and to evaluate interventions such as culling, vaccination, and movement restrictions. Agent-based models (2 studies) captured individual-level interactions and spatial heterogeneity, while network models (2 studies) represented contact structures and transmission pathways between farms or species.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Currently, mechanistic modelling of HPAI is dominated by compartmental approaches, including both deterministic and stochastic formulations, whereas agent-based and network models remain relatively underused. Although most studies focus on transmission in wild birds and poultry, and in some cases spillover infections to humans, few explicitly examine infection dynamics in livestock or in transmission between livestock and humans, despite the importance of livestock (e.g., cattle) as potential intermediaries in human infection. Key gaps persist in the integration of empirical data, representation of multi-host interactions, and evaluation of realistic intervention strategies. Addressing these limitations is essential to improve predictive accuracy and to strengthen the role of modelling in informing HPAI surveillance and control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:38:16Z","timestamp":1777570696000},"page":"e0347929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mechanistic modelling of highly pathogenic avian influenza: A scoping review revealing critical gaps in cross-species transmission models"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Manting","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elda K. E.","family":"Laison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Philippsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajjad","family":"Ghaemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain","family":"Moyles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Signore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-2317","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junling","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6334-3105","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bouchra","family":"Nasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0347929.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052211","article-title":"Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans","volume":"353","author":"Writing Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation on Human Influenza A\/H5","year":"2005","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347929.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00238-X","article-title":"What is the pandemic potential of avian influenza A (H5N1)?","volume":"24","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64912-w","article-title":"Using an adaptive modeling framework to identify avian influenza spillover risk at the wild-domestic interface","volume":"14","author":"DJ Prosser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0347929.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2907.221149","article-title":"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Introduced by Wild Birds, China, 2021","volume":"29","author":"J Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1899769","article-title":"Pathogenic assessment of avian influenza viruses in migratory birds","volume":"10","author":"E-H Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347929.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00037-06","article-title":"Avian influenza virus (H5N1): a threat to human health","volume":"20","author":"JSM Peiris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0347929.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090461","article-title":"The Pandemic Threat of Emerging H5 and H7 Avian Influenza Viruses","volume":"10","author":"TC Sutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0347929.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00301-18","article-title":"New threats from H7N9 influenza virus: spread and evolution of high- and low-pathogenicity variants with high genomic diversity in wave five","volume":"92","author":"C Quan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0347929.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010997","article-title":"Model-based evaluation of highly and low pathogenic avian influenza dynamics in wild birds","volume":"5","author":"V H\u00e9naux","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1637\/7575-040106R1.1","article-title":"The role of wild birds in the spread of HPAI H5N1","volume":"51","author":"CJ Feare","year":"2007","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0347929.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091836","article-title":"Recurring trans-Atlantic incursion of clade 2.3. 4.4 b H5N1 viruses by long distance migratory birds from Northern Europe to Canada in 2022\/2023","volume":"15","author":"TN Alkie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45462-1","article-title":"Synchrony of bird migration with global dispersal of avian influenza reveals exposed bird orders","volume":"15","author":"Q Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347929.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02664-22","article-title":"Investigating environmental matrices for use in avian influenza virus surveillance-surface water, sediments, and avian fecal samples","volume":"11","author":"AK Ahrens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0347929.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11476","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01544-13","article-title":"Fecal influenza in mammals: selection of novel variants","volume":"87","author":"ZA Ko\u00e7er","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1950-z","article-title":"Environmental contamination and risk factors for transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) to humans, Cambodia, 2006-2010","volume":"16","author":"S Ly","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98989-4","article-title":"Avian influenza transmission risk along live poultry trading networks in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"N Moyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0347929.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.180879","article-title":"Prevalence of Avian Influenza A(H5) and A(H9) Viruses in Live Bird Markets, Bangladesh","volume":"24","author":"Y Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0347929.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049712","article-title":"Live poultry trade in Southern China provinces and HPAIV H5N1 infection in humans and poultry: the role of Chinese New Year festivities","volume":"7","author":"RJ Soares Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0347929.ref019","article-title":"Ecological determinants of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) outbreaks in Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"SSU Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FAO, World Organization for Animal Health. Global strategy for the prevention and control of high pathogenicity avian influenza (2024\u20132033) - Achieving sustainable, resilient poultry production systems. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cd3840en","DOI":"10.4060\/cd3840en"},{"issue":"1775","key":"pone.0347929.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180257","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0257","article-title":"A brief history of bird flu","volume":"374","author":"SJ Lycett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"9101","key":"pone.0347929.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11212-0","article-title":"Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus","volume":"351","author":"EC Claas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9101","key":"pone.0347929.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)01182-9","article-title":"Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus","volume":"351","author":"KY Yuen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0347929.ref024","article-title":"The panzootic spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 sublineage 2.3.4.4b: a critical appraisal of One Health preparedness and prevention","volume":"24","author":"MPG Koopmans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0347929.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2415890","article-title":"Critical Illness in an Adolescent with Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection","volume":"392","author":"AN Jassem","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61553-z","article-title":"The impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection on dairy cows","volume":"16","author":"F Pe\u00f1a-Mosca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref027","unstructured":"CDC Reports Second Human Case of H5 Bird Flu Tied to Dairy Cow Outbreak. 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2024\/s0522-human-case-h5.html"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref028","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization. Epidemiological Update Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in the Americas Region - 24 November 2025. 2025. https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/documents\/epidemiological-update-avian-influenza-ah5n1-americas-region-24-november-2025"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.06.006","article-title":"Controlling highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks: an epidemiological and economic model analysis","volume":"121","author":"JA Backer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00033","article-title":"A systematic evaluation of measures against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Indonesia","volume":"6","author":"MG Pramuwidyatama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"222","key":"pone.0347929.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20240523","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2024.0523","article-title":"Optimizing contact tracing for avian influenza in poultry flocks","volume":"22","author":"S Lambert","year":"2025","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2024.106117","article-title":"UK flockdown: a survey of smallscale poultry keepers and their understanding of governmental guidance on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)","volume":"224","author":"E McClaughlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref033","first-page":"113","article-title":"Mathematical modeling andoptimal control strategy for the influenza (H5N1)","volume":"2023","author":"H Gourram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Communications in Mathematical Biology and Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-132","article-title":"A model to control the epidemic of H5N1 influenza at the source","volume":"7","author":"Y Guan","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0347929.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2008.5.523","article-title":"Modeling the rapid spread of avian influenza (H5N1) in India","volume":"5","author":"ASRS Rao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Math Biosci Eng"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR20138017","article-title":"Understanding the transmission of H5N1","author":"L Bourouiba","year":"2013","journal-title":"CABI Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0347929.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1051\/mmnp:2008048","article-title":"Spread pattern formation of H5N1-Avian influenza and its implications for control strategies","volume":"3","author":"R Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Math Model Nat Phenom"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347929.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.18576\/amis\/110411","article-title":"Mathematical modelling of an avian influenza: optimal control study for intervention strategies","volume":"11","author":"C Modnak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Math Inf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000281","article-title":"Estimation of transmission parameters of H5N1 avian influenza virus in chickens","volume":"5","author":"A Bouma","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347929.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808000885","article-title":"Estimation of the basic reproductive number (R0) for epidemic, highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 spread","volume":"137","author":"MP Ward","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101203","article-title":"A systematic review of mathematical and machine learning models of Avian Influenza","volume":"21","author":"S Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"One Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01219-0","article-title":"A systematic review of mechanistic models used to study avian influenza virus transmission and control","volume":"54","author":"S Lambert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref043","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Updated joint FAO\/WHO\/WOAH public health assessment of recent influenza A(H5) virus events in animals and people: assessment based on data as of 1 July 2025. 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/updated-joint-fao-who-woah-assessment-of-recent-influenza-a(h5n1)-virus-events-in-animals-and-people_dec2024"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0347929.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59554-z","article-title":"A mathematical model of H5N1 influenza transmission in US dairy cattle","volume":"16","author":"T Rawson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01183-9","article-title":"Impact of palmiped farm density on the resilience of the poultry sector to highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 in France","volume":"54","author":"B Bauzile","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347929.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/v17020196","article-title":"Perpetuation of Avian Influenza from Molt to Fall Migration in Wild Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides): an agent-based modeling approach","volume":"17","author":"JY Takekawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2025.116130","article-title":"Modelling for assessing the compulsory vaccination strategy against highly pathogenic avian influenza in a poultry farm of China","volume":"145","author":"J Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Mathematical Modelling"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89827-y","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza among multiple waterfowl species and backyard poultry: the impact of the stopover period","volume":"15","author":"SG Llanos-Soto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref050","first-page":"682","article-title":"Analyzing strategies for containing avian influenza","volume":"2022","author":"EK Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347929.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-024-02181-x","article-title":"Reaction-advection-diffusion model of highly pathogenic avian influenza with behavior of migratory wild birds","volume":"90","author":"L Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13662-025-03950-8","article-title":"Analysis and optimal control strategies of epidemic models with nonlinear incidence rates","volume":"2025","author":"C Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Cont Discr Mod"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44777-3","article-title":"Markets as drivers of selection for highly virulent poultry pathogens","volume":"15","author":"JK Sheen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347929.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2023.12.034","article-title":"Threshold dynamics of stochastic H7N9 model with Markov switching and hybrid strategy","volume":"361","author":"M Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the Franklin Institute"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0347929.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.3390\/math11194199","article-title":"Dynamic behavior of a stochastic avian influenza model with two strains of zoonotic virus","volume":"11","author":"L Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnsns.2024.107981","article-title":"A two-strain avian\u2013human influenza model with environmental transmission: atability analysis and optimal control strategies","volume":"133","author":"C Tadmon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13662-025-03936-6","article-title":"Hopf bifurcation and optimal control studies for avian-influenza virus with multi-delay model","volume":"2025","author":"H Ismail","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Cont Discr Mod"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0347929.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13116","article-title":"Are all avian influenza outbreaks in poultry the same? The predicted impact of poultry species and virus subtype","volume":"71","author":"C Kirkeby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347929.ref059","article-title":"Global dynamics analysis of non-local delayed reaction-diffusion avian influenza model with vaccination and multiple transmission routes in the spatial heterogeneous environment","volume":"23","author":"J Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qual Theory Dyn Syst"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2023.102108","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of the infectious spread and outbreak dynamics of avian influenza with seasonality transmission for chicken farms","volume":"104","author":"A Malek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3101.241140","article-title":"Surveillance strategy in duck flocks vaccinated against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus","volume":"31","author":"S Planchand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0347929.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19686","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2023872","article-title":"Improved uniform persistence for partially diffusive models of infectious diseases: cases of avian influenza and Ebola virus disease","volume":"20","author":"R Covington","year":"2023","journal-title":"Math Biosci Eng"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2024.114710","article-title":"Rich dynamics of a delayed Filippov avian-only influenza model with two-thresholds policy","volume":"182","author":"X Jiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0347929.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.3934\/era.2023222","article-title":"Nonlinear adaptive control of avian influenza model with slaughter, educational campaigns and treatment","volume":"31","author":"T Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"era"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.28924\/2291-8639-23-2025-81","article-title":"Modelling and optimal control of influenza dynamics with structured populations based on education and isolation","volume":"23","author":"S Olaniyi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Anal Appl"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0347929.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0225874","article-title":"Exponential stability and fixed-time control of a stochastic avian influenza model with spatial diffusion and nonlocal delay","volume":"34","author":"S Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aml.2023.108884","article-title":"A note on global stability of a degenerate diffusion avian influenza model with seasonality and spatial Heterogeneity","volume":"148","author":"W Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Applied Mathematics Letters"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0347929.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-023-04533-w","article-title":"Design of intelligent Bayesian supervised predictive networks for nonlinear delay differential systems of avian influenza model","volume":"138","author":"N Anwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Phys J Plus"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347929.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00332-022-09885-8","article-title":"Threshold dynamics and probability density function of a stochastic avian influenza epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate and psychological effect","volume":"33","author":"B Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nonlinear Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0347929.ref070","article-title":"Dynamics and simulations of stochastic time delay avian influenza model using spectral method","volume":"44","author":"X Bao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comp Appl Math"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0347929.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011375","article-title":"EPINEST, an agent-based model to simulate epidemic dynamics in large-scale poultry production and distribution networks","volume":"20","author":"F Pinotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0347929.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10799","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-024-10785-7","article-title":"Near-optimal control of a stochastic avian influenza model with multi-time delays and spatial diffusion on complex networks","volume":"113","author":"SY Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref073","unstructured":"Natural Earth. Natural Earth Map Data. http:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-024-01396-9","article-title":"Stochastic models of zoonotic avian influenza with multiple hosts, environmental transmission, and migration in the natural reservoir","volume":"87","author":"RL Hassman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415559","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1415559","article-title":"Modeling transmission of avian influenza viruses at the human-animal-environment interface in Cuba","volume":"11","author":"LN Montano Valle D de","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0347929.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2023.04.018","article-title":"Analytical solution of a non-linear fractional order SIS epidemic model utilizing a new technique","volume":"73","author":"A Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alexandria Engineering Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07646-7","article-title":"Fractional-order SIR model for ADHD as a neurobiological and genetic disorder","volume":"15","author":"Z Afzal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87831-w","article-title":"Evaluation of humoral immune response and milk antibody transfer in calves and lactating cows vaccinated with inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine","volume":"15","author":"MS Abousenna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0347929.ref079","article-title":"Spatiotemporal risk assessment for avian influenza outbreak based on the dynamics of habitat suitability for wild birds","volume":"69","author":"D-S Yoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0347929.ref080","article-title":"Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza","volume":"23","author":"Alvarez J, Boklund A, Dippel S, EFSA Panel on Animal Health, Animal Welfare (AHAW), ECDC","year":"2025","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0347929","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:38:33Z","timestamp":1777570713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0347929"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Julian","family":"Ruiz-Saenz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0347929","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}}}