{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T18:11:52Z","timestamp":1778523112989,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022767","name":"Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ticks are blood-feeding ectoparasites that cause significant economic losses by reducing animal productivity and damaging hides and skins. Ticks control and prevention strategies primarily rely on the regular use of synthetic acaricides. However, the widespread misuse of these commercial acaricides has led to the emergence of acaricide-resistant ticks, compromising their sustainable effectiveness. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate alternative plant-based acaricides and determine their effective dose levels. Crude ethanol extracts from six plant species, previously reported to possess acaricidal activity, were initially screened at a concentration of 100\u2009mg\/mL using the adult immersion test. Based on the prescreening results,\n                    <jats:italic>Ricinus communis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Jatropha curcas<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which showed promising acaricidal effects, were subsequently tested at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100\u2009mg\/mL. Tick mortality and oviposition inhibition were monitored over seven days at 3-hour intervals.\n                    <jats:italic>Ricinus communis<\/jats:italic>\n                    produced the highest acaricide efficacy (70\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8%) at 100\u2009mg\/mL. In comparison, 100\u2009mg\/mL of\n                    <jats:italic>Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Jatropha curcas<\/jats:italic>\n                    resulted in 56.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2% and 16.7\u2009\u00b1\u20093.02% acaricide activity, respectively\n                    <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The minimum lethal doses required to kill 50% (LD\u2085\u2080) and 90% (LD\u2089\u2080) of the tested ticks were 18.47\u2009mg\/ml and 184.3\u2009mg\/ml for\n                    <jats:italic>Ricinus communis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 83.4\u2009mg\/ml and 431.8\u2009mg\/ml for\n                    <jats:italic>Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively.\n                    <jats:italic>Ricinus communis<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited the highest mean oviposition inhibition (98.5%), followed closely by\n                    <jats:italic>Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (96.57%), while\n                    <jats:italic>Jatropha curcas<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrated comparatively lower inhibition (68.05%). A statistically significant dose-dependent oviposition inhibition effect was observed for\n                    <jats:italic>Ricinus communis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).In conclusion,\n                    <jats:italic>Ricinus communis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrated strong potential as botanical acaricide alternatives and warrant further evaluation in clinical trials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0348007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T17:27:21Z","timestamp":1778520441000},"page":"e0348007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acaricidal activity of plant extracts against Amblyomma variegatum in Waghimra, Northeastern Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Teklu","family":"Yitbarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0741-1422","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abebe","family":"Tibebu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adane","family":"Bahiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayalew","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348007.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05801-5","article-title":"Tick communities of cattle in smallholder rural livestock production systems in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"16","author":"DJA Heylen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0348007.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780738","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.780738","article-title":"Epidemiology of Ectoparasites (Ticks, Lice, and Mites) in the Livestock of Pakistan: A Review","volume":"8","author":"A Muhammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0348007.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657694","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2021.657694","article-title":"Entomopathogenic Fungi for Tick Control in Cattle Livestock From Mexico","volume":"2","author":"MA Alonso-D\u00edaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Fungal Biol"},{"key":"pone.0348007.ref004","first-page":"100885","article-title":"Acaricidal efficacy evaluation of amitraz and diazinon against Amblyomma variegatum tick species in Waghimra zone, northern Ethiopia","volume":"42","author":"A Tibebu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348007.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08619-5","article-title":"Identification and distribution of hard tick species in Waglasta, Amhara, Ethiopia: modeling of local habitat suitability of dominant species","volume":"125","author":"A Assefa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pone.0348007.ref006","unstructured":"CFSPH. 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Possible acaricidal activity of Jatropha curcas and R. communis seed oils on Tetranychus urticae. 2017;1975:57\u201363.","DOI":"10.21608\/ajesa.2017.164176"},{"key":"pone.0348007.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.031","article-title":"Acaricidal properties of Ricinus communis leaf extracts against organophosphate and pyrethroids resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus","volume":"192","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348007.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.22271\/tpi.2023.v12.i6av.20967","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of acaricidal activity of different plant extracts against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus","volume":"12","author":"S Maddikontla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharma Innovation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348007.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v16i1.37380","article-title":"In-vitro efficacy of verenda (ricinus communis) leaves extract against ticks in cattle","volume":"16","author":"S Islam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bangl J Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348007.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.22225\/seas.8.1.9068.18-25","article-title":"Neem Leaf Extract: An Acaricide Against Adult Cattle Tick (Boophilus microplus)","volume":"8","year":"2024","journal-title":"SEAS: Sust Envir Agric Sci"},{"key":"pone.0348007.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.117122","article-title":"In vitro studies for the antiparasitic activities of Azadirachta indica extract","volume":"43","author":"M ABU HAWSAH","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0348007.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3839-3","article-title":"Acaricidal effect of herbal extracts against cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus using in vitro studies","volume":"113","author":"KP Shyma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pone.0348007.ref024","article-title":"Azadirachta indica (neem tree). 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