{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:28:07Z","timestamp":1788503287887,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intravitreal injections are an essential treatment modality for retinal vascular and macular diseases, yet nationwide evidence describing long-term trends, regional variation, drug composition, seasonality, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan remains limited. We conducted a nationwide retrospective observational study using aggregated National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups (NDB) Open Data for fiscal years (FYs) 2017\u20132022 (April\u2013March). Total intravitreal injection procedures were identified using procedure code G016, and drug-specific counts of aflibercept, ranibizumab, brolucizumab, and faricimab were extracted using drug codes. Crude utilization rates (per 100,000 population) were calculated using official population estimates. Annual trends were assessed using linear regression, regional variation was summarized descriptively and compared across predefined geographic groupings, monthly patterns were evaluated using Friedman tests, and the pandemic impact was examined by comparing FY 2019 (pre-COVID), FYs 2020\u20132021 (COVID period), and FY 2022 (post-COVID). National total intravitreal injection procedures (G016) increased from 600,068 in FY 2017\u2013936,715 in FY 2022 (anti-VEGF injections: 591,469\u2013929,704), corresponding to an average increase of approximately 65,000 injections per year. The mean crude utilization rates rose from 478.6\u2009\u00b1\u2009109.2 to 775.7\u2009\u00b1\u2009143.1 per 100,000 population, while relative inter-prefectural variability decreased modestly (coefficient of variation 0.228 to 0.184). Aflibercept remained the predominant anti-VEGF agent, with diversification after the introduction of brolucizumab (FY 2020) and faricimab (FY 2022). Monthly volumes showed modest seasonality, with higher counts toward the end of the fiscal year. Injection volumes showed no marked decline during the pandemic; April\u2013May 2020 totals (119,100 injections) were only 0.9% lower than the same months in 2019 (120,202 injections). These findings indicate sustained growth in intravitreal injection activity in Japan, persistent but modestly narrowing regional variation, and maintenance of injection services during COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0348087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:35:56Z","timestamp":1778175356000},"page":"e0348087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nationwide trends and regional variation in intravitreal injections and anti-VEGF agent use in Japan from 2017 to 2022: An analysis of the NDB Open 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