{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T18:09:57Z","timestamp":1781114997310,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012190","name":"Alberta Beef Producers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RES0057361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RES0057361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study involved 41 crossbred, black-hided beef heifers that were measured in a drylot for residual feed intake (RFI) at 11\u2009\u00b1\u20091 months of age and classified into more (LOW-RFI; n\u2009=\u200921; \u20130.96\u2009\u00b1\u20090.70\u2009kg DM\/day) or less efficient (HIGH-RFI; n\u2009=\u200920; 1.40\u2009\u00b1\u20091.00\u2009kg DM\/day) groups. Heifer metabolism and growth performance were evaluated from 14\u2009\u00b1\u20091 months of age (351\u2009\u00b1\u200940\u2009kg initial body weight [BW]) across summer and winter in Western Canada. Weather conditions were characterized using the Comprehensive Climate Index (CCI). Rumen temperature (RT) was recorded every 10 minutes using an automated bolus device. Plasma and BW were collected every 18\u2009\u00b1\u20095 days from July to August and January to March to measure urea nitrogen, non-esterified fatty acids, insulin-like growth factor 1, \u03b2-hydroxybutyric acid, leptin, free triiodothyronine (fT\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), haptoglobin, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), gamma-aminobutyric acid, and serotonin, and growth performance. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using SAS 9.4. LOW-RFI tended to have greater fT\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and HSP70 (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.08), while exhibiting lower haptoglobin concentrations (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.02) in summer. Gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations were greater in LOW-RFI during periods of no heat stress (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01) and tended to decrease in HIGH-RFI under severe risk of cold stress (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.08) based on CCI. Comparatively, HIGH-RFI had higher leptin concentrations during winter (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.04) than LOW-RFI. During summer, HIGH-RFI exhibited greater RT between 1:00\u20136:00, 10:00\u201312:00, and 20:00\u201322:00 (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002). In contrast, HIGH-RFI had lower RTs on the coldest winter days (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.009). In both seasons, growth performance did not differ between RFI groups (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2265\u20090.24). In conclusion, feed efficiency measured in the drylot was associated with subsequent metabolic responses during grazing, and these responses were influenced by weather-related stress, with more efficient animals showing greater adaptability to weather fluctuations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0348184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:52:06Z","timestamp":1781113926000},"page":"e0348184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seasonal metabolic and growth responses of grazing beef heifers divergent in residual feed intake"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-6035","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Camila","family":"Londono-Mendez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Lasso-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5506-4309","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carolyn","family":"Fitzsimmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Plastow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2623-8223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edward W.","family":"Bork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Basarab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Caroline Cerqueira de Melo","family":"Vasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aghata Elins Moreira","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Macias Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Vinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9113-4324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gleise","family":"Medeiros da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0348184.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(03)00257-2","article-title":"Detecting environmental change: science and society-perspectives on long-term research and monitoring in the 21st century","volume":"310","author":"TW Parr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"50","key":"pone.0348184.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19719","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705494104","article-title":"Changes in severe thunderstorm environment frequency during the 21st century caused by anthropogenically enhanced global radiative forcing","volume":"104","author":"RJ Trapp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348184.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2013.70","article-title":"Warm arctic, cold continents: a common pattern related to arctic sea ice melt, snow advance, and extreme winter weather","volume":"26","author":"J Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348184.ref004","article-title":"The 2021 Western North American heatwave and its subseasonal predictions","volume":"49","author":"H Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys Res Lett"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref005","author":"Government of Alberta","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref006","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Number of cattle, by class and farm type (x 1,000); 2025 [cited 2025 Mar 29]. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25318\/3210013001-eng"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15386","article-title":"Greenhouse gas emissions of Canadian beef production in 1981 as compared with 2011","volume":"56","author":"G Legesse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2012.07.009","article-title":"Analyzing ranch profitability from varying cow sales and heifer replacement rates for beef cow-calf production using system dynamics","volume":"114","author":"BL Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.7711","article-title":"Evaluation of life-cycle herd efficiency in cow-calf systems of beef production","volume":"77","author":"A Naazie","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348184.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288738","article-title":"Artificial shade as a heat abatement strategy to grazing beef cow-calf pairs in a subtropical climate","volume":"18","author":"GM Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab053","article-title":"Effects of providing artificial shade to pregnant grazing beef heifers on vaginal temperature, growth, activity, and behavior","volume":"5","author":"GM Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Anim Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348184.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02790-4","article-title":"Behavioural, physiological, neuro-endocrine and molecular responses of cattle against heat stress: an updated review","volume":"53","author":"SR Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348184.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.844972x","article-title":"Physiological responses of Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle to prolonged, continuous heat and humidity","volume":"84","author":"DT Beatty","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0348184.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050793","article-title":"Nutritional physiology and biochemistry of dairy cattle under the influence of heat stress: consequences and opportunities","volume":"10","author":"A Sammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref015","article-title":"Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries","volume":"86","author":"NR St-Pierre","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348184.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2013.08.002","article-title":"Heat-tolerant versus heat-sensitive Bos taurus cattle: influence of air temperature and breed on the acute phase response to a provocative immune challenge","volume":"45","author":"JA Carroll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348184.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-021-02083-3","article-title":"Impacts of heat stress on immune responses and oxidative stress in farm animals and nutritional strategies for amelioration","volume":"65","author":"SS Chauhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0348184.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101619","article-title":"Effects of long-term cold stress on growth performance, behavior, physiological parameters, and energy metabolism in growing beef cattle","volume":"13","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0348184.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3796","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73987-3","article-title":"Efficiency of converting nutrient dry matter to milk in Holstein herds","volume":"86","author":"JS Britt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8111","article-title":"Leptin as a predictor of carcass composition in beef cattle","volume":"81","author":"TW Geary","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348184.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(99)00015-6","article-title":"Action of long(R3)-insulin-like growth factor-1 on protein metabolism in beef heifers","volume":"16","author":"RA Hill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0348184.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2025.101612","article-title":"Exploring the impact of heat stress on feed efficiency in tropical beef cattle using genomic reaction norm models","volume":"19","author":"JB Silva Neto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1963.222486x","article-title":"Efficiency of feed use in beef cattle","volume":"22","author":"RM Koch","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0348184.ref024","article-title":"Reducing the cost of beef production through genetic improvement in residual feed intake: opportunity and challenges to application","volume":"81","author":"RM Herd","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref025","article-title":"Physiological basis for residual feed intake","volume":"87","author":"RM Herd","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.821262x","article-title":"Effect of live weight gain of steers during winter grazing: I. Feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and body composition of beef steers","volume":"82","author":"MJ Hersom","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaf051","article-title":"Short communication: thermotolerance and residual feed intake in Bos-indicus crossbred beef heifers","volume":"9","author":"GM Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Anim Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0348184.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1071\/AN14311","article-title":"Thermoregulatory differences in lactating dairy cattle classed as efficient or inefficient based on residual feed intake","volume":"54","author":"K Digiacomo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref029","unstructured":"University of Alberta Beef and Range Report. Beef and Range Report [Internet]; 2014 [cited 2025 Sep 29]. p. 6\u201310. Available from: https:\/\/rri.ualberta.ca\/rri\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2018\/04\/UAlbertaBeefRangeReport2014.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2024-0065","article-title":"Residual feed intake measured as replacement heifers is indicative of residual feed intake measured as mature cows","volume":"105","author":"CA Olson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4141\/A02-065","article-title":"Residual feed intake and body composition in young growing cattle","volume":"83","author":"JA Basarab","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348184.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas2011-010","article-title":"Residual feed intake adjusted for backfat thickness and feeding frequency is independent of fertility in beef heifers","volume":"91","author":"JA Basarab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0305","article-title":"A new heat load index for feedlot cattle","volume":"86","author":"JB Gaughan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0348184.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.094052.109","article-title":"Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals","volume":"19","author":"DH Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/ansci\/1973.Symposium.54","article-title":"Inbreeding and heterosis in animals","volume":"1973","author":"GE Dickerson","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348184.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2586","article-title":"A comprehensive index for assessing environmental stress in animals","volume":"88","author":"TL Mader","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348184.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0711","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.34325","article-title":"Black Globe-Humidity Index (BGHI) as comfort equation for dairy cows","volume":"24","author":"DE Buffington","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans ASAE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1370","article-title":"Is the temperature-humidity index the best indicator of heat stress in lactating dairy cows in a subtropical environment?","volume":"92","author":"S Dikmen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-009-0244-1","article-title":"Thermal radiation absorbed by dairy cows in pasture","volume":"54","author":"RG da Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(01)00330-X","article-title":"Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review","volume":"77","author":"CT Kadzere","year":"2002","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348184.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6424","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13799","article-title":"Short communication: Relationships among temperature-humidity index with rectal, udder surface, and vaginal temperatures in lactating dairy cows experiencing heat stress","volume":"101","author":"JD Kaufman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348184.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-019-01706-0","article-title":"Evaluating rumen temperature as an estimate of core body temperature in Angus feedlot cattle during summer","volume":"63","author":"AM Lees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348184.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9060322","article-title":"The impact of heat load on cattle","volume":"9","author":"AM Lees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref044","article-title":"Partition of capillary blood flow in rumen, reticulum, and omasum of sheep","volume":"232","author":"W Von Engelhardt","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.841145x","article-title":"Relationships of feedlot feed efficiency, performance, and feeding behavior with metabolic rate, methane production, and energy partitioning in beef cattle","volume":"84","author":"JD Nkrumah","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(89)90008-7","article-title":"Forage intake responses to winter cold exposure of free-ranging beef cows","volume":"23","author":"SK Beverlin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1971.33172x","article-title":"Behavior of feedlot cattle during two seasons","volume":"33","author":"DE Ray","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-1015-9","article-title":"Infrared thermography as a tool to evaluate body surface temperature and its relationship with feed efficiency in Bos indicus cattle in tropical conditions","volume":"60","author":"LS Martello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348184.ref049","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Thermoregulatory responses during thermal acclimation in pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake","volume":"58","author":"PHRF Campos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0348184.ref050","first-page":"1649","article-title":"Residual food consumption as a tool to unravel genetic components of food intake","volume":"45","author":"M Tixier-Boichard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0348184.ref051","first-page":"423","article-title":"Biological basis for variation in residual feed intake in beef cattle. 1. Review of potential mechanisms","volume":"44","author":"RM Herd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust J Exp Agric"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118001489","article-title":"Review: Biological determinants of between-animal variation in feed efficiency of growing beef cattle","volume":"12","author":"G Cantalapiedra-Hijar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2020.100069","article-title":"Thermoregulation at birth differs between piglets from two genetic lines divergent for residual feed intake","volume":"15","author":"O Schmitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref054","first-page":"27","article-title":"Heat stress and hormones.","volume-title":"Heat stress and animal productivity","author":"A Aggarwal","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0066","article-title":"Hepatic thyroid signaling of heat-stressed late pregnant and early lactating cows","volume":"234","author":"JM Weitzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0348184.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(82)82504-6","article-title":"Effect of environmental heat and dietary fiber on thyroid physiology of lactating cows","volume":"65","author":"A Magdub","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348184.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-007-0111-x","article-title":"Effect of thermal stress on physiological parameters, feed intake and plasma thyroid hormones concentration in Alentejana, Mertolenga, Frisian and Limousine cattle breeds","volume":"52","author":"AMF Pereira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348184.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030361","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and metabolism regulation: which role on brown adipose tissue and browning process?","volume":"15","author":"L Sabatino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6674-0_9","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA methylation and related disease","volume":"1038","author":"D Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(00)00072-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of reduced and compensatory growth","volume":"19","author":"JL Hornick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0348184.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.79102679x","article-title":"Influence of feeding level during postweaning growth on circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones and extrathyroidal 5\u2032-deiodination in steers","volume":"79","author":"I Cassar-Malek","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03477-8","article-title":"Thyroid hormone dynamics of Tharparkar and Sahiwal cattle during induced heat stress","volume":"55","author":"Anjali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0348184.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-005-3866-8","article-title":"Effect of long-distance road transport on thyroid and adrenal function and haematocrit values in Limousin cattle: influence of body weight decrease","volume":"29","author":"E Fazio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120816","article-title":"Endocrinology of the stress response","volume":"67","author":"E Charmandari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0348184.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76005-3","article-title":"Composition of colostrum from dairy heifers exposed to high air temperatures during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period","volume":"80","author":"A Nardone","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348184.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1071\/AN16472","article-title":"Responses of dairy cows to short-term heat stress in controlled-climate chambers","volume":"57","author":"JB Garner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106290","article-title":"The role of the hypothalamus-gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of periparturient fatty liver disease in dairy cows","volume":"309","author":"H Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2009.08.005","article-title":"Metabolic adaptations to heat stress in growing cattle","volume":"38","author":"MD O\u2019Brien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2295","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"93","author":"JB Wheelock","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348184.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13061073","article-title":"Impact of cold stress on physiological, endocrinological, immunological, metabolic, and behavioral changes of beef cattle at different stages of growth","volume":"13","author":"WS Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0348184.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3436","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123436","article-title":"How divergence for feed efficiency traits affects body measurements and metabolites in blood and ruminal parameters on pre-weaning dairy heifers","volume":"11","author":"JM Le\u00e3o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348184.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-7442","article-title":"Supplementation based on protein or energy ingredients to beef cattle consuming low-quality cool-season forages: II. Performance, reproductive, and metabolic responses of replacement heifers","volume":"92","author":"BI Cappellozza","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/09291010600913964","article-title":"Influence of different schedules of feeding on daily rhythms of blood urea and ammonia concentration in cows","volume":"38","author":"G Piccione","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Rhythm Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020358","article-title":"Rumen and fecal microbiota characteristics of Qinchuan cattle with divergent residual feed intake","volume":"11","author":"X Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-023-06444-6","article-title":"Blood parameters associated with residual feed intake in beef heifers","volume":"16","author":"BA Clemmons","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833881","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.833881","article-title":"2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid isopropyl ester supplementation altered ruminal and cecal bacterial composition and improved growth performance of finishing beef cattle","volume":"9","author":"X Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2401-3_22","article-title":"Urea\/Ammonia metabolism in the rumen and toxicity in ruminants.","volume-title":"Rumen microbiology: from evolution to revolution","author":"AK. Patra","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348184.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8442","article-title":"Immediate and residual effects of heat stress and restricted intake on milk protein and casein composition and energy metabolism","volume":"98","author":"FC Cowley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348184.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73803-X","article-title":"Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle","volume":"86","author":"JW West","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348184.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112111","article-title":"Achieving body weight adjustments for feeding status and pregnant or non-pregnant condition in beef cows","volume":"10","author":"MP Gionbelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-031412-103644","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on postabsorptive metabolism and energetics","volume":"1","author":"LH Baumgard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anim Biosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348184.ref082","first-page":"735","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I responses to recombinant bovine growth hormone during feed restriction in heifers","volume":"120","author":"H Ronge","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.1.0419","article-title":"The somatomedin hypothesis: 2001","volume":"22","author":"D Le Roith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348184.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1071\/AR04248","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic relationships between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and net feed intake, fat, and growth traits in Angus beef cattle","volume":"56","author":"KL Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust J Agric Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0348184.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1083","article-title":"Effects of divergent selection for serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentration on performance, feed efficiency, and ultrasound measures of carcass composition traits in Angus bulls and heifers","volume":"86","author":"PA Lancaster","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1680317","article-title":"Central infusion of leptin into well-fed and undernourished ewe lambs: effects on feed intake and serum concentrations of growth hormone and luteinizing hormone","volume":"168","author":"CD Morrison","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.822445x","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of leptin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin in relation to changes in body condition score in heifers","volume":"82","author":"HV Le\u00f3n","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2015.12.007","article-title":"Leptin concentrations in finishing beef steers and heifers and their association with dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, and body composition","volume":"55","author":"AP Foote","year":"2016","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0348184.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2008.12.004","article-title":"Leptin signaling in brain: a link between nutrition and cognition?","volume":"1792","author":"CD Morrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348184.ref090","article-title":"Leptin regulation of core body temperature involves mechanisms independent of the thyroid axis","volume":"315","author":"JD Deem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348184.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.01.041","article-title":"Leptin raises defended body temperature without activating thermogenesis","volume":"14","author":"AW Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0348184.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5838","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6420","article-title":"Metabolizable protein supply modulated the acute-phase response following vaccination of beef steers","volume":"91","author":"P Moriel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.029","article-title":"Nociceptive threshold, blood constituents and physiological values in 213 cows with locomotion scores ranging from normal to severely lame","volume":"197","author":"N Tadich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-019-00973-5","article-title":"Detection of functional polymorphisms in the hsp70 gene and association with cold stress response in Inner-Mongolia Sanhe cattle","volume":"24","author":"L Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5294","article-title":"Effects of chronic heat stress on plasma concentration of secreted heat shock protein 70 in growing feedlot cattle","volume":"91","author":"JB Gaughan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348184.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252474","article-title":"Chronic heat stress delays immune system development and alters serotonin signaling in pre-weaned dairy calves","volume":"16","author":"MG Marrero","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2013.01.017","article-title":"Selection for residual feed intake alters the mitochondria protein profile in pigs","volume":"80","author":"JK Grubbs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Proteomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref098","article-title":"Differential gene expression in the peripheral blood of Chinese Sanhe cattle exposed to severe cold stress","volume":"16","author":"Q Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genet Mol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348184.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2015.1087502","article-title":"Protracted effects of chronic stress on serotonin-dependent thermoregulation","volume":"18","author":"R Natarajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348184.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90436-6","article-title":"Histamine modulates heat stress-induced changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebral blood flow, brain oedema and serotonin levels: an experimental study in conscious young rats","volume":"50","author":"HS Sharma","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1224-6","article-title":"Chronic intermittent cold stress and serotonin depletion induce deficits of reversal learning in an attentional set-shifting test in rats","volume":"202","author":"MDS Lapiz-Bluhm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348184.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00355-5","article-title":"Chronic unpredictable stress causes attenuation of serotonin responses in cornu ammonis 1 pyramidal neurons","volume":"120","author":"E van Riel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348184.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.03.056","article-title":"GABAergic and glycinergic inhibitory mechanisms in the lamprey respiratory control","volume":"1090","author":"F Bongianni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0348184.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)62015-3","article-title":"Interaction between amino acid neurotransmitters and opioid receptors in hyperthermia-induced brain pathology","volume":"162","author":"HS Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348184.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705274","article-title":"A specific taurine recognition site in the rabbit brain is responsible for taurine effects on thermoregulation","volume":"139","author":"M Frosini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348184.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.08.009","article-title":"Low posttrauma GABA plasma levels as a predictive factor in the development of acute posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"55","author":"G Vaiva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348184.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.2527\/1994.724833x","article-title":"Breed effects and retained heterosis for growth, carcass, and meat traits in advanced generations of composite populations of beef cattle","volume":"72","author":"KE Gregory","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348184.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2017-0192","article-title":"Genomic retained heterosis effects on fertility and lifetime productivity in beef heifers","volume":"98","author":"JA Basarab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0348184","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:52:22Z","timestamp":1781113942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0348184"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Juan J","family":"Loor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0348184","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]}}}