{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:55:56Z","timestamp":1791222956027,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["20KK0231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20KK0231"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Radioactive contamination in residential areas of Bangka Island, Indonesia, a major tin- and rare earth-producing region, has rarely been studied, although material stored near mineral-processing workshops may pose a long-term health risk. We collected 46 soil samples around 9 mineral-processing workshops in the Selindung District, Pangkal Pinang City: residential soils from 20 locations at two depths (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200940) and 6 workshop-related sediments. High-purity germanium detector analysis showed that 13 of the 40 residential soil samples exceeded the screening criteria of the IAEA Safety Standards Series No. RS-G-1.7 for naturally occurring radioactive material. Residential contamination was highly heterogeneous and was not explained by a simple monotonic distance relationship (Spearman\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009= \u22120.12,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.61). Two upper outliers occurred at 5 and 10 m from the nearest workshops, including the maximum residential activity of 12,992 Bq\/kg detected at 5 m, in areas frequently accessed by local residents. Five of 17 locations with quantifiable paired measurements (including 1 tied pair;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200916 for the Wilcoxon signed-rank test) showed higher activity at 20 cm than at 10 cm, and the paired depth difference was not statistically significant (Wilcoxon\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.079), indicating an irregular rather than consistently surface-dominated vertical distribution. Screening-level outdoor annual effective doses for the quantifiable residential samples ranged from 0.051 to 8.46 mSv\/y (median 0.42 mSv\/y), with the maximum obtained 5 m from a workshop. Nuclide composition analysis further revealed that the activity concentrations of the\n                    <jats:sup>238<\/jats:sup>\n                    U and\n                    <jats:sup>232<\/jats:sup>\n                    Th series increased with total radioactivity, whereas\n                    <jats:sup>40<\/jats:sup>\n                    K showed only a weak correlation. Maximum activities of\n                    <jats:sup>238<\/jats:sup>\n                    U and\n                    <jats:sup>232<\/jats:sup>\n                    Th approached levels reported by the IAEA for high-purity monazite sand (6,000\u201320,000 Bq\/kg). These findings demonstrate spatial and vertical heterogeneity of technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material in residential zones, indicating a need for site-specific assessment and long-term monitoring.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0348187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:27:34Z","timestamp":1791221254000},"page":"e0348187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distribution of TENORM-contaminated soils in residential areas of Bangka Island, Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7284-0381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yo","family":"Ishigaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Realizing Sustainable Societies, University of Electro-Communications","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Shozugawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Ichimiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Realizing Sustainable Societies, University of Electro-Communications","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrizki Arie","family":"Pradana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISB Atma Luhur","place":["Kota Pangkal Pinang, Bangka Belitung, Indonesia"],"department":["Department of Informatics Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidik","family":"Permana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Teknologi Bandung","place":["Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia"],"department":["Physics Department, Nuclear Science and Engineering Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Shimazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kindai University","place":["Kinokawa, Japan"],"department":["Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2977-8353","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kazunori","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kindai University","place":["Kinokawa, Japan"],"department":["Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5267-9049","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adi Rahmansyah Amir","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Teknologi Bandung","place":["Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia"],"department":["Physics Department, Nuclear Science and Engineering Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9903-9850","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cici","family":"Wulandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Teknologi Bandung","place":["Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia"],"department":["Physics Department, Nuclear Science and Engineering Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0348187.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00202359","article-title":"The pemali tin deposit, Bangka, Indonesia","volume":"26","author":"MO Schwartz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mineralium Deposita"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348187.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3390\/min11040352","article-title":"Critical minerals from post-processing tailing. 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