{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:06:42Z","timestamp":1780596402583,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University CEU Cardenal Herrera","award":["GIR25\/41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIR25\/41"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, and diverse physical and psychological symptoms that significantly impair daily functioning. Latest guidelines advocate for a comprehensive approach to FM management, emphasizing patient education, therapeutic exercise, pharmacological treatments, and psychotherapy. Although exercise remains the primary non-pharmacological strategy supported by robust evidence, its clinical implementation faces several limitations, including poor adherence, fear of movement, pain catastrophizing and proprioceptive deficits. Immersive virtual reality (IVR) has recently emerged as a promising adjunctive tool that not only addresses these limitations but also provides additional therapeutic benefits. Specifically, preliminary studies suggest that incorporating visual feedback manipulation through IVR can effectively modify movement perception, potentially enhancing clinical outcomes. This randomised controlled trial aims to assess the efficacy of a fully immersive virtual reality (FIVR)-based therapeutic exercise programme designed to induce implicit visual illusions, making participants perceive less movement than is performed during structured resistance exercises. Eighty participants diagnosed with FM will be recruited and randomly allocated to either the experimental group, which will engage in a structured resistance exercise regimen combined with FIVR, or the control group, performing identical exercises without FIVR. The primary measure will be the impact of FM on daily life, evaluated using the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes include fatigue, sleep quality, FM symptom severity, health-related quality of life, psychological factors, central sensitization, body perception distortion, lower limb strength and handgrip strength, functional mobility, lumbar range of motion, influence of modified visual feedback, behavioural regulation during exercise and overall physical activity levels. This study aims to provide robust evidence regarding the potential benefits of integrating FIVR with therapeutic exercise. Findings could support FIVR as a valuable clinical innovation, potentially yielding superior improvements in daily functioning, physiological outcomes, and psychological well-being compared to traditional exercise interventions alone. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06948500). URL:\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT06948500\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT06948500<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0348346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:24:51Z","timestamp":1780593891000},"page":"e0348346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of a fully immersive virtual reality-based therapeutic exercise programme with altered visual feedback in patients with fibromyalgia: A study protocol for a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7870-7077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Salvador-Huerta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Jord\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Azanon-Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3824-8664","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan J.","family":"Amer-Cuenca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Francisco","family":"Lis\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0348346.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3266","article-title":"Fibromyalgia","volume":"311","author":"DJ Clauw","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-8-27","article-title":"An internet survey of 2,596 people with fibromyalgia","volume":"8","author":"RM Bennett","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00788","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on central sensitization and autonomic changes in fibromyalgia","volume":"14","author":"S Hazra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref004","first-page":"90","article-title":"Fibromyalgia syndrome: under-, over- and misdiagnosis","volume":"37","author":"W H\u00e4user","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2017.06.008","article-title":"Fibromialgia: prevalencia, perfiles epidemiol\u00f3gicos y costes econ\u00f3micos","volume":"149","author":"A Cabo-Meseguer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348346.ref006","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Economic cost and epidemiological characteristics of patients with fibromyalgia claims","volume":"30","author":"RL Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348346.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-001-0021-2","article-title":"Classification, epidemiology, and natural history of fibromyalgia","volume":"5","author":"KP White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0348346.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13135","article-title":"Fibromyalgia onset has a high impact on work ability in Australians","volume":"46","author":"EK Guymer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348346.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209724","article-title":"EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia","volume":"76","author":"GJ Macfarlane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0348346.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002876","article-title":"The dose-dependent effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief in individuals with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"164","author":"JJ Amer-Cuenca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348346.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2015.04.022","article-title":"Physical exercise as non-pharmacological treatment of chronic pain: why and when","volume":"29","author":"KR Ambrose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348346.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-160685","article-title":"Central sensitization in chronic low back pain: a narrative review","volume":"29","author":"I Sanzarello","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348346.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00242-0","article-title":"Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art","volume":"85","author":"JWS Vlaeyen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0348346.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098673","article-title":"Role of kinesiophobia on pain, disability and quality of life in people suffering from chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review","volume":"53","author":"A Luque-Suarez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2536203","article-title":"Exploring the interplay between pain processing mechanisms, psychosocial factors, and functional outcomes in patients with chronic low back pain: an exploratory study","volume":"57","author":"J Jord\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0348346.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15202","article-title":"Virtual reality for acute and chronic pain management in adult patients: a narrative review","volume":"76","author":"A Chuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348346.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1530\/EOR-23-0197","article-title":"Virtual reality-based therapy for chronic low back and neck pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"JM Henr\u00edquez-Jurado","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16397","article-title":"Effect of virtual reality technology as intervention for people with kinesiophobia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.01.009","article-title":"Immersion of virtual reality for rehabilitation - review","volume":"69","author":"T Rose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348346.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2794629","article-title":"The impact of avatar personalization and immersion on virtual body ownership, presence, and emotional response","volume":"24","author":"T Waltemate","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0348346.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11111167","article-title":"Virtual reality-based therapy reduces the disabling impact of fibromyalgia syndrome in women: systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"I Cort\u00e9s-P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref022","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality-based rehabilitation in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","author":"B Brea-G\u00f3mez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348346.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12206","article-title":"Upper extremity rehabilitation using fully immersive virtual reality games with a head mount display: a feasibility study","volume":"12","author":"SH Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref024","article-title":"Use of virtual reality (immersive vs. non immersive) for pain management in children and adults: a systematic review of evidence from randomized controlled trials","author":"S Shahrbanian","journal-title":"Euro J Experimental Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348346.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2020.1772900","article-title":"Effect of fully immersive virtual reality treatment combined with exercise in fibromyalgia patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"C Gulsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assist Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0348346.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2621886","article-title":"Use of virtual reality feedback for patients with chronic neck pain and kinesiophobia","volume":"25","author":"KB Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348346.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01664-2","article-title":"Modifying lumbar flexion pain thresholds in patients with chronic low back pain through visual-proprioceptive manipulation with virtual reality: a cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"J Jord\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348346.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08094-z","article-title":"Visual feedback manipulation in virtual reality alters movement-evoked pain perception in chronic low back pain","volume":"15","author":"J Jord\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348346.ref029","article-title":"SPIRIT 2025 statement: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials","volume":"22","author":"A-W Chan","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348346.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330203","article-title":"The american college of rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia","volume":"33","author":"F Wolfe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatism"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0348346.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20140","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity","volume":"62","author":"F Wolfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348346.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100594","article-title":"Fibromyalgia criteria and severity scales for clinical and epidemiological studies: a modification of the ACR preliminary diagnostic criteria for Fibromyalgia","volume":"38","author":"F Wolfe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348346.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.08.012","article-title":"2016 Revisions to the 2010\/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria","volume":"46","author":"F Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348346.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001468","article-title":"Clustering a large Spanish sample of patients with fibromyalgia using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire-Revised: differences in clinical outcomes, economic costs, inflammatory markers, and gray matter volumes","volume":"160","author":"A P\u00e9rez-Aranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-11-132","article-title":"Validation of a Spanish version of the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR)","volume":"11","author":"M Salgueiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0348346.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22034","article-title":"Dimensionality, reliability, and validity of the revised fibromyalgia impact questionnaire in two Spanish samples","volume":"65","author":"JV Luciano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348346.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.081090","article-title":"Minimal clinically important difference in the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire","volume":"36","author":"RM Bennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref038","first-page":"94","article-title":"Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory: Spanish adaptation and psychometric properties for fibromyalgia patients. The Al-Andalus study","volume":"30","author":"D Mungu\u00eda-Izquierdo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref039","unstructured":"Royuela A. Propiedades clinimetricas de la versi\u00f3n castellana del cuestionario de Pittsburgh. Accessed 2023 October 1. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/258705863"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348346.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-2960-z","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"34","author":"F Hita-Contreras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0348346.ref041","first-page":"1863","article-title":"Sleep quality in patients with fibromyalgia using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index","volume":"33","author":"CD Osorio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348346.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8071068","article-title":"Cost-utility of mindfulness-based stress reduction for fibromyalgia versus a multicomponent intervention and usual care: a 12-month randomized controlled trial (EUDAIMON Study)","volume":"8","author":"A P\u00e9rez-Aranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0348346.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.10.023","article-title":"Handling data quality issues to estimate the Spanish EQ-5D-5L value set using a hybrid interval regression approach","volume":"21","author":"JM Ramos-Go\u00f1i","year":"2018","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0348346.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1877-5","article-title":"Validity of the EQ-5D-5L and reference norms for the Spanish population","volume":"27","author":"G Hernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348346.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.2014.894462","article-title":"The minimum clinically important difference for EQ-5D index: a critical review","volume":"14","author":"S Coretti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref046","first-page":"29","article-title":"Psicologia Iberoamericana","volume":"21","author":"C Nogueda Orozco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psicolog\u00eda Iberoamericana"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(01)00296-3","article-title":"The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"52","author":"I Bjelland","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348346.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035284","article-title":"Bifactor analysis and construct validity of the HADS: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study in fibromyalgia patients","volume":"26","author":"JV Luciano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.4.524","article-title":"The pain catastrophizing scale: development and validation","volume":"7","author":"MJL Sullivan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1157\/13127277","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n de la versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola de la escala de la catastrofizaci\u00f3n ante el dolor (Pain Catastrophizing Scale) en la fibromialgia","volume":"131","author":"J Garc\u00eda Campayo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200103000-00008","article-title":"Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain","volume":"17","author":"MJL Sullivan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348346.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90127-B","article-title":"A Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) and the role of fear-avoidance beliefs in chronic low back pain and disability","volume":"52","author":"G Waddell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348346.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000193912.36742.4f","article-title":"Psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the FAB questionnaire","volume":"31","author":"FM Kovacs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348346.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000148627.92498.54","article-title":"Fear-avoidance beliefs as measured by the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire: change in fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire is predictive of change in self-report of disability and pain intensity for patients with acute low back pain","volume":"22","author":"SZ George","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348346.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.08.004","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the spanish version of the tampa scale for kinesiophobia (TSK)","volume":"12","author":"L G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0348346.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2003.11.016","article-title":"The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia: further examination of psychometric properties in patients with chronic low back pain and fibromyalgia","volume":"8","author":"J Roelofs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2011.00493.x","article-title":"The development and psychometric validation of the central sensitization inventory","volume":"12","author":"TG Mayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348346.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000113","article-title":"Ability of the central sensitization inventory to identify central sensitivity syndromes in an outpatient chronic pain sample","volume":"31","author":"R Neblett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348346.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12440","article-title":"Establishing clinically relevant severity levels for the central sensitization inventory","volume":"17","author":"R Neblett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348346.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3515-4","article-title":"Cross-cultural adaptation and validity of the Spanish central sensitization inventory","volume":"5","author":"AI Cuesta-Vargas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0348346.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2026","article-title":"Convergent validity of the central sensitization inventory in women with fibromyalgia: association with clinical, psychological and psychophysical outcomes","volume":"26","author":"JA Valera-Calero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348346.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/78.2.160","article-title":"Reliability of clinical pressure-pain algometric measurements obtained on consecutive days","volume":"78","author":"EL Nussbaum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348346.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz069","article-title":"How much is needed? Comparison of the effectiveness of different pain education dosages in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"21","author":"JJ Amer-Cuenca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348346.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/523098","article-title":"Reliability of temporal summation and diffuse noxious inhibitory control","volume":"14","author":"S Cathcart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348346.ref065","article-title":"The interrater and test-retest reliability of 3 modalities of quantitative sensory testing in healthy adults and people with chronic low back pain or rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"8","author":"SM Brady","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070411","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1070411","article-title":"The cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Spanish version of the Fremantle back awareness questionnaire","volume":"14","author":"N Garc\u00eda-Dopico","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348346.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.08.001","article-title":"I can\u2019t find it! Distorted body image and tactile dysfunction in patients with chronic back pain","volume":"140","author":"LG Moseley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348346.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36861-3","article-title":"Virtual embodiment in fibromyalgia","volume":"13","author":"J \u015awidrak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0348346.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16132344","article-title":"Reliability of the 30\u2009s chair stand test in women with Fibromyalgia","volume":"16","author":"JP Mart\u00edn-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348346.ref070","first-page":"157","article-title":"Reliability and feasibility of physical fitness tests in female fibromyalgia patients","volume":"36","author":"A Carbonell-Baeza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348346.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.12.009","article-title":"Functional capacity, muscle strength and falls in women with fibromyalgia","volume":"27","author":"SM G\u00f3es","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348346.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons","volume":"39","author":"D Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348346.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2023-0256","article-title":"Validity and reliability of handheld dynamometry to assess isometric hamstrings and quadriceps strength at varying muscle lengths","volume":"33","author":"M Baron","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1992.16.5.215","article-title":"Measurement of grip strength: validity and reliability of the sphygmomanometer and Jamar grip dynamometer","volume":"16","author":"GF Hamilton","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Orthopaedic Sports Phy Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0348346.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)00026-6","article-title":"Three-dimensional measurement of lumbar spine kinematics for fast bowlers in cricket","volume":"13","author":"AF Burnett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0348346.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00017-0","article-title":"A comparison of two motion analysis devices used in the measurement of lumbar spinal mobility","volume":"14","author":"A Mannion","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9861.2006.tb00021.x","article-title":"It\u2019s Who I Am \u2026 Really! The importance of integrated regulation in exercise contexts","volume":"11","author":"PM Wilson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Biobehav Res"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref078","article-title":"Calidad psicom\u00e9trica de la adaptaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola del cuestionario de regulaci\u00f3n conductual en el deporte","author":"C Viladrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref079","article-title":"Validity, reliability and associated factors of the international physical activity questionnaire adapted to elderly (IPAQ-E) | Medici\u00f3n de la actividad f\u00edsica en personas mayores de 65 a\u00f1os mediante el IPAQ-E: validez de contenido, fiabilidad y factores","volume":"91","author":"FJ Rubio Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Esp Salud Publica"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0348346.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11172412","article-title":"Virtual reality-based exercise therapy for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"P Bilika","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348346.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2020.0162","article-title":"The effect of virtual reality exercises on pain, functionality, cardiopulmonary capacity, and quality of life in fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled study","volume":"10","author":"M Polat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348346.ref082","article-title":"Benefits of exergame training for female patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"103","author":"J Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3053234","article-title":"Cardboard mobile virtual reality as an approach for pain distraction in clinical settings.","author":"AM Amin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems"},{"key":"pone.0348346.ref084","article-title":"Scientific evidence for the effectiveness of virtual reality for pain reduction in adults with acute or chronic pain","author":"S Shahrbanian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348346.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003083","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality on psychophysical measures of pain: superiority to imagination and nonimmersive conditions","volume":"165","author":"J Tesarz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0348346","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:25:05Z","timestamp":1780593905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0348346"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hui-Juan","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0348346","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]}}}