{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:58:05Z","timestamp":1791482285825,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Adidas AG","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advanced footwear technology (AFT) shoes incorporate increased sole thickness and compliant midsole materials that may alter running biomechanics. While these effects have been widely studied during level running, little is known about how sole thickness influences running style and stability during uphill running. This study examined the effects of two AFT shoes differing in sole thickness (35 mm-AFT35; 50 mm-AFT50) and a traditional control shoe (27 mm-CON27) on running style and stability during uphill running. Seventeen experienced male runners performed treadmill running at a 10% incline at 6.5 and 10 km\/h in three shoe conditions. Running style was assessed using duty factor, normalized step frequency, center-of-mass oscillation, vertical and leg stiffness, and lower-limb joint kinematics. Running stability was evaluated using local dynamic stability via the maximum Lyapunov exponent and detrended fluctuation analysis of stride time. Duty factor and normalized step frequency did not differ between shoes. However, AFT shoes showed greater center-of-mass oscillation (p\u2009=\u20090.004), and lower vertical stiffness (p\u2009=\u20090.022) compared to CON27. Joint kinematics revealed significant shoe effects at the ankle (p\u2009=\u20090.001), particularly increased dorsiflexion and eversion in AFT conditions. Running stability showed only minor changes. Local dynamic stability differed at the trunk (p\u2009=\u20090.027), with reduced stability in AFT50 compared with CON27 (p\u2009=\u20090.006), while global stability remained unchanged. No shoe\u2009\u00d7\u2009speed interactions were observed for any variable. Overall, uphill running style and stability remained largely preserved across shoe conditions, suggesting that sole thickness alone had limited influence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0348380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:41:58Z","timestamp":1791481318000},"page":"e0348380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Running style and stability during uphill running are largely preserved with increasing shoe sole thickness"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4283-281X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cagla","family":"Kettner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","place":["Karlsruhe, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd J.","family":"Stetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","place":["Karlsruhe, Germany"]},{"name":"Sports Orthopedics, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","place":["Karlsruhe, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7885-7085","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thorsten","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","place":["Karlsruhe, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0348380.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653173","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.653173","article-title":"Effect of advanced shoe technology on the evolution of road race times in male and female elite runners","volume":"3","author":"S Bermon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348380.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01807-0","article-title":"Influence of advanced shoe technology on the top 100 annual performances in men\u2019s marathon from 2015 to 2019","volume":"11","author":"V Rodrigo-Carranza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0348380.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12120356","article-title":"Advanced footwear technology in non-elite runners: A survey of training practices and reported outcomes","volume":"12","author":"M Bonato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0348380.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01406-5","article-title":"Energetics and biomechanics of running footwear with increased longitudinal bending stiffness: A narrative review","volume":"51","author":"JA Ortega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0348380.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0446","article-title":"Running Shoes of the Postmodern Footwear Era: A Narrative Overview of Advanced Footwear Technology","volume":"19","author":"GT Burns","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348380.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2024.2327317","article-title":"Injury and performance-related running biomechanics in advanced footwear technology compared to minimalist footwear","volume":"16","author":"JJ Hannigan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Footwear Science"},{"key":"pone.0348380.ref007","volume-title":"Book C - C2.1A Athletic Shoe Regulations","author":"World Athletics Council","year":"2022"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0348380.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100480","article-title":"Is it the shoes? 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