{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T18:13:09Z","timestamp":1778091189132,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are common following musculoskeletal trauma and are associated with poorer recovery, disability, and reduced quality of life. Although psychosocial and injury-related factors have been linked to PTSS, limited research has examined longitudinal predictors or the relationship between injury severity and PTSS progression in people hospitalised for musculoskeletal trauma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify predictors of PTSS at three and six months following musculoskeletal trauma and hospitalisation, and to examine the relationship between injury severity and PTSS severity over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study included 125 adults admitted to a UK major trauma centre with acute musculoskeletal injuries. PTSS were assessed using the Impact of Event Scale\u2013Revised (IES-R) at baseline, three, and six months, with scores \u226522 indicating elevated PTSS. Candidate predictors included socio-demographic, clinical, and trauma-related variables. Multivariate logistic regression identified predictors at three and six months. Multicollinearity was assessed using variance inflation factors and principal component analysis. Injury severity (mild, moderate, major) was examined using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Model discrimination and calibration were evaluated using AUC and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, 97.6% of participants met the PTSS threshold, decreasing to 26.4% at three months and 17.6% at six months. This high baseline prevalence likely reflects the early post-injury assessment period and the use of a sensitive screening threshold. At three months, road traffic accidents (OR 3.71, 95% CI 2.60\u20136.85) and car accidents (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.68\u20133.15) significantly increased PTSS risk compared to falls. Higher baseline anxiety (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.33\u20130.86) and kinesiophobia (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.39\u20130.86) were associated with reduced PTSS odds. At six months, higher chronic pain\u2013related disability independently predicted lower PTSS risk (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82\u20130.97). Injury severity differed significantly at six months (p\u2009=\u20090.022) but not at three months (p\u2009=\u20090.172). The six-month model demonstrated excellent discrimination (AUC\u2009=\u20090.91) and good calibration (p\u2009=\u20090.70).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PTSS following musculoskeletal trauma are influenced by trauma mechanism, psychological factors, and injury severity over time, supporting early risk stratification and targeted psychological intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0348595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:32:10Z","timestamp":1778088730000},"page":"e0348595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms after musculoskeletal trauma"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4545-3703","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ferozkhan","family":"Jadhakhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1689-6190","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deborah","family":"Falla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2116-6654","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Dallaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0348595.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13602","article-title":"Understanding the relationships between trauma type and individual posttraumatic stress symptoms: a cross-sectional study of a clinical sample of children and adolescents","volume":"63","author":"MS Birkeland","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S155241","article-title":"The role of posttraumatic stress symptoms on chronic pain outcomes in chronic pain patients referred to rehabilitation","volume":"11","author":"SL Ravn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0348595.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017350","article-title":"Associations between compensable injury, perceived fault and pain and disability 1 year after injury: a registry-based Australian cohort study","volume":"7","author":"MJ Giummarra","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(96)03038-2","article-title":"The relationship between symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and pain, affective disturbance and disability among patients with accident and non-accident related pain","volume":"66","author":"ME Geisser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348595.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181e15b98","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptoms and the diathesis-stress model of chronic pain and disability in patients undergoing major surgery","volume":"26","author":"AL Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348595.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1179\/106698111X13129729551949","article-title":"Whiplash-associated disorder: musculoskeletal pain and related clinical findings","volume":"19","author":"M Sterling","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Man Manip Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348595.ref007","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress symptom clusters in acute whiplash associated disorder and their prediction of chronic pain-related disability","volume":"2","author":"A Maujean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0348595.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199905000-00003","article-title":"Outcome after major trauma: 12-month and 18-month follow-up results from the Trauma Recovery Project","volume":"46","author":"TL Holbrook","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348595.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-020-01184-x","article-title":"How expensive are post-traumatic stress disorders? Estimating incremental health care and economic costs on anonymised claims data","volume":"21","author":"T Bothe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref010","unstructured":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Post traumatic stress disorder: the management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. NICE. 2005. www.nice.org.uk"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref011","unstructured":"Health and Safety Executive. Working days lost in Great Britain. HSE. 2024. https:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/statistics\/dayslost.htm"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.04.022","article-title":"Contributions of risk and protective factors to prediction of psychological symptoms after traumatic experiences","volume":"69","author":"EB Carlson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348595.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2815","article-title":"The role of site and severity of injury as predictors of mental health outcomes following traumatic injury","volume":"34","author":"K Baecher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348595.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.11.007","article-title":"Mental health and posttraumatic stress symptoms 2 years after severe multiple trauma: self-reported disability and psychosocial functioning","volume":"91","author":"HL Soberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348595.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2008.04578.x","article-title":"Predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder following major trauma","volume":"78","author":"IA Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0348595.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2019.05.031","article-title":"Predictors of psychological distress following major trauma","volume":"50","author":"L Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predictors of 2-year trajectory of post-traumatic stress disorder following physical injury","volume":"15","author":"J Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0348595.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.28870","article-title":"Estimating Risk of Chronic Pain and Disability Following Musculoskeletal Trauma in the United Kingdom","volume":"5","author":"DW Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348595.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"E von Elm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348595.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/1.4.233","article-title":"Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly","volume":"1","author":"HM Hodkinson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669231","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.669231","article-title":"Pain and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Clusters: A Cross-Lagged Study","volume":"12","author":"V de Vries","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0348595.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.07.010","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale - Revised","volume":"41","author":"M Creamer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref023","first-page":"399","article-title":"The Impact of Event Scale - Revised.","volume-title":"Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD: A Handbook for Practitioners","author":"DS Weiss","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348595.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.02.007","article-title":"The impact of event scale-revised: psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors","volume":"22","author":"JG Beck","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0348595.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.04.006","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the IES-R in traumatized substance dependent individuals with and without PTSD","volume":"33","author":"CJ Rash","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-01488-y","article-title":"Prognostic factors of post-traumatic stress disorder risk in patients with surgical treatment of hip acetabular fracture: original study","volume":"42","author":"A Truszczy\u0144ska-Baszak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0348595.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1080\/10629360600810434","article-title":"Fully conditional specification in multivariate imputation","volume":"76","author":"S Van Buuren","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Stat Theory Pract Simul"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348595.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800102","article-title":"Multiple imputation: a primer","volume":"8","author":"JL Schafer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348595.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref030","unstructured":"Stata Corp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. College Station, TX: Stata Corp LLC. 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348595.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.1.52","article-title":"Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"EJ Ozer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348595.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001381","article-title":"Prognosis Research Strategy (PROGRESS) 3: prognostic model research","volume":"10","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0473-3-17","article-title":"Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression","volume":"3","author":"Z Bursac","year":"2008","journal-title":"Source Code Biol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348595.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.19087","article-title":"Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results","volume":"72","author":"JH Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"pone.0348595.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.4236\/ojs.2023.133020","article-title":"Dealing with Multicollinearity in Factor Analysis: The Problem, Detections, and Solutions","volume":"13","author":"T Kyriazos","year":"2023","journal-title":"OJS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348595.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03048-6","article-title":"Evidence of questionable research practices in clinical prediction models","volume":"21","author":"N White","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348595.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2010.04.012","article-title":"Validating the Injury Severity Score (ISS) in different populations: ISS predicts mortality better among Hispanics and females","volume":"166","author":"OB Bolorunduro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348595.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00058-6","article-title":"Who develops PTSD from motor vehicle accidents?","volume":"34","author":"EB Blanchard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348595.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21862","article-title":"Head injury and loss of consciousness raise the likelihood of developing and maintaining PTSD symptoms","volume":"26","author":"P Roitman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.4.363","article-title":"Dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder: two prospective studies of road traffic accident survivors","volume":"180","author":"J Murray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0348595.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242849","article-title":"Psychological trauma in different mechanisms of traumatic injury: A hospital-based cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"TM Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348595.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.3.508","article-title":"Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents","volume":"107","author":"A Ehlers","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348595.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702005470","article-title":"Outcome 3 years after a road traffic accident","volume":"32","author":"R Mayou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348595.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0","article-title":"A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"38","author":"A Ehlers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348595.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2009.06.001","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and stress-related disorders","volume":"32","author":"AY Shalev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00992","article-title":"The Impact of Past Trauma on Psychological Distress: The Roles of Defense Mechanisms and Alexithymia","volume":"11","author":"S Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01689","article-title":"The role of anxiety, coping strategies, and emotional intelligence on general perceived self-efficacy in university students","volume":"10","author":"FM Morales-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348595.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1325","article-title":"Trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms after whiplash: A prospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"SL Ravn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348595.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.01.333","article-title":"The relation of post-traumatic stress symptoms to depression and pain in patients with accident-related chronic pain","volume":"9","author":"RS Roth","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0348595.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaz048","article-title":"Resilience and function in adults with chronic physical disabilities: a cross-lagged panel design","volume":"54","author":"SL Battalio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348595.ref051","first-page":"560","article-title":"The effect of resilience on posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed inner-city primary care patients","volume":"103","author":"GL Wrenn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0348595.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1299-z","article-title":"The impact of psychological factors on recovery from injury: a multicentre cohort study","volume":"52","author":"B Kellezi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.04.004","article-title":"Severity of traumatic injuries predicting psychological outcomes: A surprising lack of empirical evidence","volume":"50","author":"A Boals","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0348595.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00185-8","article-title":"Injury severity, prior trauma history, urinary cortisol levels, and acute PTSD in motor vehicle accident victims","volume":"17","author":"DL Delahanty","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0348595.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105310386823","article-title":"PTSD after traumatic injury: an investigation of the impact of injury severity and peritraumatic moderators","volume":"16","author":"CA Gabert-Quillen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348595.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199909000-00005","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder after injury: impact on general health outcome and early risk assessment","volume":"47","author":"AJ Michaels","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0348595.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-048790","article-title":"Effectiveness of pharmacological and psychological interventions for treating post-traumatic stress disorder in adults with childhood abuse: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"NW Alhussaini","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0348595.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.1.63","article-title":"Early cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress symptoms after physical injury. Randomised controlled trial","volume":"184","author":"JI Bisson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348595.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.23045","article-title":"Dimensional approaches to studying, assessing, and treating traumatic stress: Introduction to the Special Section","volume":"37","author":"MM Yalch","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0348595","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:32:24Z","timestamp":1778088744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0348595"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Sidiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0348595","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]}}}