{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:04:03Z","timestamp":1789581843744,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Education grants often target audiences that have limited-resources relative to their peers, such as beginning farmers, who arguably have the most to gain from more education. Yet, charging even modest fees to these participants is discouraged, creating a challenge for funding entities that desire to have a dollar value for the education provided. To measure this value, we conducted an experiment using a willingness-to-accept (WTA) approach. Participants chose a minimum cash payout from seven different options to voluntarily leave a training session before receiving any instruction or educational materials. The design is constructed so that each option has an equal expected payout. Cash payouts were not advertised or known to any participants before the training. Results show that average WTA values are $277.44 per training (about 4 hours of instruction), which is 2.11 to 4.74 times more than participants\u2019 self-reported willingness to pay (WTP), depending on how travel costs and time of participants are valued. WTP consistently and significantly explains much of the variation in WTA. In sharp contrast, detailed travel cost estimates in various forms were consistently insignificant for explaining WTA values. Beginning farmers and ranchers, our targeted limited-resource audience, reported WTA and WTP values that were $81.18 and $22.73 more per training, respectively, than those of non-beginning farmers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0348858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:38:42Z","timestamp":1789580322000},"page":"e0348858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Valuing education for limited-resource audiences using a willingness to accept experiment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-099X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Russell","family":"Tronstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Arizona","place":["Tucson, Arizona, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahima","family":"Sall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Arizona","place":["Tucson, Arizona, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0348858.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3057-2","article-title":"Impact of a United Kingdom-wide campaign to tackle antimicrobial resistance on self-reported knowledge and behaviour change","volume":"16","author":"K Chaintarli","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348858.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.66752\/1077-5315.3352","article-title":"Training sessions provide working knowledge of national animal identification system","volume":"48","author":"JB Glaze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Extension"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0348858.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1006\/jeem.2001.1215","article-title":"A review of WTA\/WTP studies","volume":"44","author":"JK Horowitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management"},{"key":"pone.0348858.ref004","first-page":"635","article-title":"Willingness to pay and willingness to accept: how much can they differ?","volume":"81","author":"WM Hanemann","year":"1991","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0348858.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1086\/261737","article-title":"Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the coase theorem","volume":"98","author":"D Kahneman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348858.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1514-0326(12)60002-6","article-title":"Leisure and the net opportunity cost of travel time in recreation demand analysis: an application to gros morne national park","volume":"15","author":"J Amoako-Tuffour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0348858.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3368\/le.81.1.127","article-title":"Specification of driving costs in models of recreation demand","volume":"81","author":"D Hagerty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Land Economics"},{"key":"pone.0348858.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0826-6_9","article-title":"The travel cost model","author":"GR Parsons","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Economics of Non-Market Goods and Resources. 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