{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T18:03:25Z","timestamp":1784570605581,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016036","name":"Health~Holland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LSHM19101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSHM19101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016036","name":"Health~Holland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-1167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-1167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"zonmw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["446002508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["446002508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007553","name":"Aidsfonds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KICH2.V4P.AF23.001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KICH2.V4P.AF23.001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007553","name":"Aids Fonds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P-66401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P-66401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and the saponin-MPLA nanoparticle adjuvant (SMNP) are known immunostimulants used as adjuvants in vaccines to boost immunity. These adjuvants are under investigation for use in prophylactic and therapeutic HIV-1 vaccines. However, their effects in ART-treated people with HIV-1 (PWH) remain unclear, as chronic immune activation may reduce responses and potentially reactivate latent virus reservoirs. Here we observed that both adjuvants, MPLA and SMNP, triggered TLR4\u2011dependent cytokine production in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), but SMNP elicited a stronger response than MPLA based on costimulatory receptor expression and cytokine production. Cytokines produced by adjuvant stimulated dendritic cells were able to induce HIV-1 transcription in a J-Lat cell model. Notably, SMNP, but not MPLA, also induced a cytokine response in PBMC from PWH, albeit lower as compared to in healthy donor PBMC. Importantly, SMNP substantially reduced the size of the inducible HIV\u20111 reservoir in PWH\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The effect on the viral reservoir was likely caused by the cytokine production induced by SMNP, as supernatants from SMNP stimulated DCs showed a similar viral reservoir reduction. Our findings demonstrate that TLR4-targeted adjuvants, especially SMNP, can effectively induce immune activation, supporting their potential use in therapeutic vaccination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0348959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T17:24:51Z","timestamp":1784568291000},"page":"e0348959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adjuvants MPLA and SMNP induce antiviral immunity and indirectly revert HIV-1 latency"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jade","family":"Jansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Killian E.","family":"Vlaming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne 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