{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T18:04:47Z","timestamp":1783965887451,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacterial contamination of drinking water is a significant cause of water-borne illnesses in many developing countries, where water sources are commonly shared by the community. Therefore, the recent research was designed to screen the bacterial diversity associated with spring water, to assess the bacterial risk in both adults and children, and to remediate bacterial contaminants using green remediation technology via\n                    <jats:italic>Brassica rapa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Spinacia oleracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Microbial growth media, microscopic techniques, biochemical tests, ribotyping, antibiogram, and resistogram analysis were used to characterize bacterial isolates. The bactericidal effect of extracts of phytoabsorbents was evaluated against spring water-associated bacteria through the agar well diffusion method. The ex-situ remediation via phytoabsorbents was done to decontaminate spring water.\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis, Lysinibacillus fusiformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus wiedmannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>uncultured Bacillus sp.<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus weihenstephanensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    were characterized through the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model. The highest mean risk of illness (%) due to Bacillus species was recorded in children (56.67% to 70.0% compared to the adults (47.0% to 50.0%). All isolated spring water-associated bacteria were resistant to amoxycillin, aztreonam, tobramycin, tazobactam, ceftriaxone, and cefuroxime sodium. Similarly, all spring water-associated bacteria showed resistance against lead, cadmium, and chromium. The root extract of\n                    <jats:italic>B. rapa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. oleracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed the maximum zone of inhibition of spring water-associated bacteria (10.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0 mm to 19.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0 mm) compared to the seeds and aerial parts extracts. Ex-situ remediation findings illustrated that both plants efficiently declined the microbial load, did not affect the sprouting and growth of\n                    <jats:italic>B. rapa<\/jats:italic>\n                    compared to the\n                    <jats:italic>S. oleracea,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and could be used as biosorbent to decontaminate spring water.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T17:21:43Z","timestamp":1783963303000},"page":"e0349096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial diversity, quantitative risk assessment of spring waterborne pathogens and their biocontrol through phyto-biosorbents"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Aysha","family":"Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7888-6444","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saiqa","family":"Andleeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuzhat","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wajid Arhsad","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349096.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-022-05698-3","article-title":"Microbiological Contaminants in Drinking Water: Current Status and Challenges","volume":"233","author":"RA Kristanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref002","article-title":"Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene.","author":"G Hutton","journal-title":"Injury Prevention and Environmental Health. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ The World Bank"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref003","volume-title":"Safe Drinking Water: The Need and Challenges in Developing Countries","author":"C Okafor","year":"2024"},{"issue":"40","key":"pone.0349096.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57216","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14319-1","article-title":"Pesticide exposure and related health problems among farmworkers\u2019 children: a case-control study in southeast Iran","volume":"28","author":"D Abdollahdokht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349096.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.53623\/tasp.v1i2.20","article-title":"Level and distribution of heavy metals in Miri River, Malaysia","volume":"1","author":"AK Maharjan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Aqua Soil Pollut"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.53623\/tasp.v1i1.11","article-title":"Interactions of Microplastics with Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Ecotoxicological Effects: A Review","volume":"1","author":"KHD Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Aqua Soil Pollut"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349096.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14080763","article-title":"The Role of Water as a Reservoir for Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria","volume":"14","author":"S Meradji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Concern in Water and Wastewater: An African Perspective","author":"MA El-Liethy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Microbiological Research in Africa. Springer International Publishing"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349096.ref009","article-title":"Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"SP Luby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349096.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-019-10015-3","article-title":"Analysing water-borne diseases susceptibility in Kolkata Municipal Corporation using WQI and GIS based Kriging interpolation","volume":"85","author":"SA Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349096.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29798","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related antibiotic resistance genes as indicators for wastewater treatment","volume":"10","author":"A Reem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00194","article-title":"Selective pressure of antibiotics on ARGs and bacterial communities in manure-polluted freshwater-sediment microcosms","volume":"6","author":"W Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-019-0790-z","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of drinking water sources in rural villages of Mohale Basin, Lesotho: exposures through neighbourhood sanitation and hygiene practices","volume":"24","author":"P Gwimbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114671","article-title":"Towards attaining SDG 6: The opportunities available for capacitive deionization technology to provide clean water to the African population","volume":"216","author":"O Sufiani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09906-2","article-title":"A critical appraisal of the status and hydrogeochemical characteristics of freshwater springs in Kashmir Valley","volume":"12","author":"SU Bhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.178","article-title":"Conventional wastewater treatment and reuse site practices modify bacterial community structure but do not eliminate some opportunistic pathogens in reclaimed water","volume":"639","author":"P Kulkarni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref017","first-page":"275","article-title":"The use of nanomaterials for the elimination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from water and wastewater: an African overview","volume-title":"Antimicrobial research and one health in Africa","author":"MA El-Liethy","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349096.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.31026\/j.eng.2017.04.01","article-title":"Comparative study between nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes for the removal of heavy metals from electroplating wastewater","volume":"23","author":"AF Al-Alawy","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCOEng"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3390\/su10010086","article-title":"Overview of the Main Disinfection Processes for Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment Plants","volume":"10","author":"M Collivignarelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13030285","article-title":"Existing filtration treatment on drinking water process and concerns issues","volume":"13","author":"MC Razali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2020.05.009","article-title":"Recent studies on applications of aquatic weed plants in phytoremediation of wastewater: A review article","volume":"12","author":"HM Mustafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349096.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.3390\/su12051927","article-title":"Application of Floating Aquatic Plants in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals Polluted Water: A Review","volume":"12","author":"S Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349096.ref023","article-title":"Low-Cost Technology for the Purification of Wastewater Contaminated with Pathogenic Bacteria and Heavy Metals","volume":"231","author":"MTM Hussien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-008-0303-9","article-title":"Water quality improvement through macrophytes--a review","volume":"152","author":"S Dhote","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2022.100203","article-title":"Phytoremediation: Mechanisms, plant selection and enhancement by natural and synthetic agents","volume":"8","author":"A Kafle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Advances"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-90893-1.00016-7","article-title":"Bioremediation and phytoremediation of pesticides residues from contaminated water: a novel approach","volume-title":"Pesticides remediation technologies from water and wastewater","author":"G Bhalla","year":"2022"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0349096.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14400","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04766-2","article-title":"Heavy metal uptake by water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) from paper mill effluent (PME): experimental and prediction modeling studies","volume":"26","author":"V Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131192","article-title":"Phytoremediation of antibiotic-contaminated wastewater: Insight into the comparison of ciprofloxacin absorption, migration, and transformation process at different growth stages of E. crassipes","volume":"283","author":"Y Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349096.ref029","first-page":"75","article-title":"Phytoremediation of textile industry effluent using Pistia stratiote","volume":"5","author":"S Manjunath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2016.1216078","article-title":"Phytoremediation of industrial mines wastewater using water hyacinth","volume":"19","author":"P Saha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Phytoremediation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.12944\/CWE.11.1.27","article-title":"Toxicity of Zinc on Growth of an Aquatic Macrophyte, Ipomoea Aquatica Forsk","volume":"11","author":"L Chanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr World Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Utilization of Moringa oleifera as Natural Coagulant for Water Purification","volume":"1","author":"MH Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind Domest Waste Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.53623\/tasp.v2i1.26","article-title":"Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Reactive Black 5 by Activated Carbon Derived from Tamarind Seeds","volume":"2","author":"Z Ishak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Aqua Soil Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref034","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative assessment of Spinacia oleracea and Brassica juncea for efficient phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils","author":"S Maher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Phytoremediation"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349096.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-024-02055-7","article-title":"Assessment of growth, reproduction, and vermi-remediation potentials of Eisenia fetida on heavy metal exposure","volume":"46","author":"S Andleeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0349096.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122841","article-title":"Evaluation of the Bioavailability and Translocation of Selected Heavy Metals by Brassica juncea and Spinacea oleracea L for a South African Power Utility Coal Fly Ash","volume":"15","author":"AS Mashau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349096.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7400","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120707400","article-title":"Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Grown in a Controlled Environment","volume":"12","author":"N Alia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref038","first-page":"47","article-title":"Quantifying the growth of rhizobia","volume-title":"Handbook for rhizobia","author":"P Somasegaran","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1128\/br.12.1.19-77.1948","article-title":"The endospore of bacteria","volume":"12","author":"G Knaysi","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bacteriological Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref040","article-title":"Endospore formed bacteria and staining techniques","volume":"362","author":"CC ERG\u00dcL","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science, Ecology and Engineering Research in the Globalizing World"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349096.ref041","article-title":"A study of 2 rapid tests to differentiate Gram- positive and Gram- negative aerobic bacteria","volume":"1","author":"TJ Chandra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref042","first-page":"12","article-title":"Optimization of endospore staining technique for Bacillus spp","volume":"139","author":"P Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiological Methods"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref043","author":"JF MacFaddin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochemical test for identification of medical bacteria"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349096.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.31.5.668-679.1976","article-title":"Use of a quantitative oxidase test for characterizing oxidative metabolism in bacteria","volume":"31","author":"Jr Jurtshuk P","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref045","author":"BA Forbes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bailey & Scott\u2019s Diagnostic Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349096.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)03135-2","article-title":"Vancomycin sensitivity and KOH string test as an alternative to gram staining of bacteria","volume":"21","author":"K Arthi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.33.1.85-88.1977","article-title":"Methods for Growing Spirillum lipoferum and for Counting It in Pure Culture and in Association with Plants","volume":"33","author":"Y Okon","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349096.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(87)90037-X","article-title":"Microbial cyanide production in the rhizosphere in relation to potato yield reduction and Pseudomonas SPP-mediated plant growth-stimulation","volume":"19","author":"AW Bakker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00336164","article-title":"Effect of temperature on soil microbial biomass and its metabolic quotient in situ under different tillage systems","volume":"19","author":"R Alvarez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Fertil Soils"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref050","volume-title":"The sucking lice of North America. An illustrated manual for identification","author":"KC Kim","year":"1986"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref051","first-page":"33","article-title":"Optimization, production and partial purification of extracellular \u03b1-amylase from Bacillus sp","volume":"3","author":"K Ashwini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch of Appl Sci and Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0349096.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101399","article-title":"Selection of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Based on Their Antimicrobial and Enzymatic Activities","volume":"9","author":"JR Linares-Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1613-5","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Enterobacteriaceae: determination of disk content and Kirby-Bauer breakpoint for ceftazidime\/avibactam","volume":"19","author":"X Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref054","first-page":"409","author":"HS Bhargav","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref055","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests; approved standard\u20149th ed. Wayne, PA: CLSI. 2006."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349096.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1992.tb00735.x","article-title":"Resistogram typing as an epidemiological tool for Escherichia coli isolates of poultry origin","volume":"15","author":"BP DAVID","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-50","article-title":"Microbial diversity in fecal samples depends on DNA extraction method: easyMag DNA extraction compared to QIAamp DNA stool mini kit extraction","volume":"7","author":"H Mirsepasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349096.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.13128","article-title":"Polyphasic phenotypic and genetic analysis reveals clonal nature of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae causing pomegranate bacterial blight","volume":"69","author":"A Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Pathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref059","first-page":"134","article-title":"A quantitative microbial risk assessment of wastewater treatment plant blending: case study in San Francisco Bay","volume":"2","author":"EY Seto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci: Water Res Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349096.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-022-01569-8","article-title":"Improved quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for drinking water sources in developing countries","volume":"12","author":"DA Amatobi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Water Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0349096.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12561","article-title":"A Generalized QMRA Beta-Poisson Dose-Response Model","volume":"36","author":"G Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349096.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082774","article-title":"Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Drinking Water Quality to Predict the Risk of Waterborne Diseases in Primary-School Children","volume":"17","author":"J Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349096.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2019.98043","article-title":"Quality assessment of surface and drinking water of Nakla Paurosova, Sherpur, Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"S Sarker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Microb"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20067-x","article-title":"Prevalence and epidemiological distribution of indicators of pathogenic bacteria in households drinking water in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"EA Adugna","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349096.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0521","article-title":"Escherichia coli Contamination across Multiple Environmental Compartments (Soil, Hands, Drinking Water, and Handwashing Water) in Urban Harare: Correlations and Risk Factors","volume":"98","author":"T Navab-Daneshmand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349096.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03295-14","article-title":"Escherichia coli survival in, and release from, white-tailed deer feces","volume":"81","author":"AK Guber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56058-x","article-title":"Faecal pollution affects abundance and diversity of aquatic microbial community in anthropo-zoogenically influenced lotic ecosystems","volume":"9","author":"L Paruch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-014-0051-x","article-title":"Contamination of water resources by pathogenic bacteria","volume":"4","author":"PK Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref069","first-page":"1307723","article-title":"Bacillus spp.-Transmission, pathogenesis, host-pathogen interaction, prevention and treatment. Frontiers in","volume":"14","author":"P Baindara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349096.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0032-2018","article-title":"The Bacillus cereus Group: Bacillus Species with Pathogenic Potential","volume":"7","author":"M Ehling-Schulz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349096.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274645","article-title":"Characterization of Bacillus anthracis replication and persistence on environmental substrates associated with wildlife anthrax outbreaks","volume":"17","author":"T Jiranantasak","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349096.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00649-x","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the environment","volume":"20","author":"DGJ Larsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349096.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13578","article-title":"Co-occurrence of antibiotic, biocide, and heavy metal resistance genes in bacteria from metal and radionuclide contaminated soils at the Savannah River Site","volume":"13","author":"4th Thomas JC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349096.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70067","article-title":"Environmental antimicrobial resistance: key drivers, hotspots, innovative strategies, and challenges in the fight against superbugs","volume":"14","author":"K Alem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349096.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics4040567","article-title":"Co-Selection of Resistance to Antibiotics, Biocides and Heavy Metals, and Its Relevance to Foodborne Pathogens","volume":"4","author":"AD Wales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"issue":"630","key":"pone.0349096.ref076","first-page":"19","article-title":"Two new species and a remarkable record of the genus Dendronotus from the North Pacific and Arctic oceans (Nudibranchia)","author":"T Korshunova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zookeys"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01627","article-title":"Resistance to Biocides in Listeria monocytogenes Collected in Meat-Processing Environments","volume":"7","author":"D Conficoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-2153-5","article-title":"Co-occurrence of resistance genes to antibiotics, biocides and metals reveals novel insights into their co-selection potential","volume":"16","author":"C Pal","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.151240","article-title":"Strategic implementation of upflow microbubble airlift photocatalytic process to control heavy metal resistant-MDR bacteria and the associated genes in wastewater","volume":"489","author":"F Ishaque","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349096.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201022666210421101837","article-title":"Cytotoxicity, Anti-diabetic, and Hepato-protective Potential of Ajuga bracteosa-conjugated Silver Nanoparticles in Balb\/c Mice","volume":"23","author":"S Nazer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2020\/v32i1730669","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Octenidine Dihydrochloride with Contemporary Root Canal Disinfectants: A Systematic Review","author":"RA Gulzar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JPRI"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349096.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247032","article-title":"Phytochemical characterization of turnip greens (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa): A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"GM Dejanovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.9790\/0853-13199297","article-title":"Evaluation of Efficacy of Cabbage Juice (Brassica Oleracea Linne) As Potential Antiulcer Aggent and Its Effect on the Haemostatic Mechanism of Male Albino Wistar Rats","volume":"13","author":"O F.N","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOSRJDMS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14417","article-title":"Phytochemical and Health-Beneficial Progress of Turnip (Brassica rapa)","volume":"84","author":"S Paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349096.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13081164","article-title":"Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Brassica rapa and Brassica napus Ex Situ Collection from Portugal","volume":"13","author":"C Serrano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-022-05504-3","article-title":"Chili residue and Bacillus laterosporus synergy impacts soil bacterial microbiome and agronomic performance of leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in a solar greenhouse","volume":"479","author":"IO Olasupo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11648","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajac.20160404.17","article-title":"Phytochemical, nutritional and antimicrobial evaluations of the aqueous extract of Brassica nigra (Brassicaceae) seeds","volume":"4","author":"U Danlami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Appl Chem"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0893-z","article-title":"Antimalarial activity of 80 % methanolic extract of Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. (Brassicaceae) seeds against Plasmodium berghei infection in mice","volume":"15","author":"AB Muluye","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.07.003","article-title":"Phenolic acid contents of kale (Brassica oleraceae L. var. acephala DC.) extracts and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities","volume":"107","author":"FA Ayaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349096.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2008.0166","article-title":"Isothiocyanate profile and selective antibacterial activity of root, stem, and leaf extracts derived from Raphanus sativus L","volume":"6","author":"SS Beevi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foodborne pathogens and disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349096.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-012-1669-z","article-title":"Sinapic acid derivatives in defatted Oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.) seed meal extracts using UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS n and identification of compounds with antibacterial activity","volume":"234","author":"C Engels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Food Res Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349096.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-018-0818-7","article-title":"Brassica rapa var. japonica Leaf Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of Crystalline Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Stability, Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity","volume":"28","author":"M Akter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Inorg Organomet Polym"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349096.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862565","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2020.1862565","article-title":"The versatile GABA in plants","volume":"16","author":"L Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Signal Behav"},{"key":"pone.0349096.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.02.011","article-title":"Removal of colorants from wastewater: A review on sources and treatment strategies","volume":"75","author":"KG Pavithra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349096.ref095","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals: An Indispensable Contrivance in Green Remediation Technology","volume":"11","author":"S Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349096","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T17:21:56Z","timestamp":1783963316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349096"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Awatif Abid","family":"Al-Judaibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349096","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]}}}