{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T18:05:25Z","timestamp":1779473125228,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite its impact on nurses\u2019 well-being, hospital efficiency, and patients\u2019 quality of care, published studies on workplace violence against nurses in sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. This study assessed the prevalence, characteristics, and determinants of workplace violence among nurses in public tertiary hospitals in Enugu State, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was a cross-sectional survey among nurses in the four (4) public tertiary hospitals (n\u2009=\u2009450) in Enugu State Nigeria. The nurses were selected from the hospitals using proportional stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using a self-administered, workplace violence questionnaire for nurses. The outcome variable was nurses\u2019 experiences of workplace violence in the past 12 months, scoring as yes or no. Workplace violence included verbal, physical, and sexual violence. Additionally, we collected socio-demographic and organizational characteristics of the nurses. Nurses\u2019 socio-demographic factors, organizational characteristics and prevalence of workplace violence were summarized using descriptive statistics. We identified the predictors of workplace violence using bivariate analysis and binary regression. The significance level for all inferential analyses was p-value less than 0.05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the prevalence of any workplace violence was 92.4%. The prevalence of verbal violence, physical violence, and sexual violence are 91.1%, 13.3%, and 2.0% correspondingly. Relatives of patients perpetrated most workplace violence among nurses in this study. Female nurses were more likely to experience verbal abuse than male nurses (COR\u2009=\u20092.84, 95%CI: 1.09\u20137.42, p\u2009=\u20090.002). Being a registered nurse (AOR\u2009=\u20092.06, 95%CI: 1.13\u20133.78, p\u2009=\u20090.019), direct contact with patients (AOR\u2009=\u200921.04, 95%CI: 3.17\u2013139.82, p\u2009=\u20090.002), working in accident and emergency units (AOR\u2009=\u20096.91, 95%CI: 2.82\u201316.93, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) increased the likelihood of physical violence against nurses. Direct contact with patients (AOR\u2009=\u200920.71, 95%CI: 3.54\u2013121.12, p\u2009=\u20090.001) increased the likelihood of sexual violence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Workplace violence among nurses in public hospitals need to improve. Decision-makers and practitioners can incorporate these findings into safeguarding policies and strategies to improve nurses\u2019 safety and monitor interventions to eliminate workplace violence against nurses in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T17:24:47Z","timestamp":1779470687000},"page":"e0349187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and determinants of workplace violence among nurses in public tertiary hospitals in Enugu state, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9658-7114","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nwanneka Chidinma","family":"Ghasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Chukwuemeka","family":"Ogbuabor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349187.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47104\/ebnrojs3.v4i2.234","article-title":"Nurse\u2019s Perception toward Factors Contributing to Violence Exposure at Complex for Mental Health in Tabuk City: A Scoping Review","volume":"4","author":"AHS Albalawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBNR"},{"key":"pone.0349187.ref002","article-title":"Determinants and consequences of workplace violence against hospital-based nurses: a rapid review and synthesis of international evidence","author":"TR Oludare","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349187.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.38029\/babcockunivmedj.v5i1.118","article-title":"Violence towards health workers in the workplace: exploratory 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Chowdhury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"key":"pone.0349187.ref034","article-title":"Workplace violence against nurses at Minia district hospitals","author":"EE Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JHSCI"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349187.ref035","first-page":"398","article-title":"Characteristics of Workplace Violence on Doctors and Nurses at the Accident and Emergency Department in a Southern State of Nigeria","volume":"64","author":"EB Ikpae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"key":"pone.0349187.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604912","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2022.1604912","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Workplace Violence Against Emergency Department Nurses in China","volume":"67","author":"Z Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349187.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-025-00431-x","article-title":"Violence against healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital in southern Nigeria a descriptive cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"CO Ilikannu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349187.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082747","article-title":"Workplace Violence and Its Effects on Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress among Mental Healthcare Nurses in Japan","volume":"17","author":"Y Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0349187.ref039","article-title":"Effects of workplace violence on the quality of care by nurses: A study of the Volta Region of Ghana","volume":"16","author":"FMK Agbornu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Afr Nurs Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349187.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.4103\/NJM.NJM_102_22","article-title":"Workplace Violence against Health Care Workers in Nigeria","volume":"31","author":"TJ 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Joint programme on workplace violence in the health sector. Geneva: Geneva. 2003."}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349187","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T17:24:53Z","timestamp":1779470693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349187"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"De Luca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349187","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]}}}