{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T18:10:19Z","timestamp":1778868619500,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR302952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR302952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cognitive-communication disorder (CCD) is common after acquired brain injury (ABI), reported in about two-thirds of people who sustain an injury. Quantitative studies have found that the disorder can negatively impact a person\u2019s ability to socially re-integrate into the community, return to work or education and achieve a good quality of life. However, little is known about\n                      <jats:italic>how<\/jats:italic>\n                      the disorder impacts people with ABI and the family. Therefore, the aim of this qualitative evidence synthesis was to provide a detailed exploration of the lived experience of CCD for people with ABI and their family members.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature search was conducted across eight databases (CINAHL Ultimate, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Medline, EMBASE, AMED, Scopus, PubMed) to August 2025. Studies were included if they reported on people with ABI who present with CCD (or similar term) and\/or familiar communication partners whereby the impact of the disorder was described. Relevant data were extracted, and studies were critically appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) qualitative checklist and the confidence of the findings was assessed using GRADE-CERQual tool. The final included studies were synthesised using thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>13 articles met the eligibility criteria and reported on 103 people with ABI with CCD and 66 familiar communication partners including spouses, parents, friends, carers, siblings and children. Methodologies comprised interviews (n\u2009=\u200910), focus groups (n\u2009=\u20091), spoken discourse samples (n\u2009=\u20091) and online survey (n\u2009=\u20091). Eight main analytic themes were identified centred around the experiences of both people with ABI: (1) communicating is not easy; (2) lack of awareness and feeling tired; (3) anxiety, embarrassment and isolation; (4) connecting with others; and (5) participation and identity; and their familiar communication partner: (6) adjusting to giving increased support; (7) emotional toll of supporting; (8) relationship and life role changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review highlights the broad and unique impacts of CCD for both people with ABI and their familiar communication partners. People with ABI require tolerance to manage their communication difficulties; and communication partners require education, support and training to manage the change in relationship. These findings underpin the need for interventions to include partners in rehabilitation and for therapists to consider the diverse needs of people with ABI including emotions, relationships, social participation and changes to identity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:27:23Z","timestamp":1778866043000},"page":"e0349220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lived experience of cognitive-communication changes for people with acquired brain injury and familiar communication partners: A qualitative evidence synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9356-9957","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Behn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iben","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Cruice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2091-4849","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katerina","family":"Hilari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Kellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leanne","family":"Togher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0349220.ref001","volume-title":"The cost of acquired brain injury to the UK economy","author":"UKABIF","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref002","volume-title":"Acquired brain injury: The numbers behind the hidden disability","year":"2015"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0349220.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30371-X","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research","volume":"16","author":"AIR Maas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349220.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2017.1289622","article-title":"Cognitive-communication disorder following right hemisphere stroke: exploring rehabilitation access and outcomes","volume":"24","author":"R Hewetson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349220.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000269","article-title":"A Survey of Clinicians Working in Brain Injury Rehabilitation: Are Social Cognition Impairments on the Radar?","volume":"32","author":"M Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349220.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_AJSLP-21-00357","article-title":"Age-Based Trends in Cognitive-Communication Management for Adults in Subacute Rehabilitation Following New Onset Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"31","author":"J Shorland","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology \/ American Speech-Language-Hearing Association"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref007","volume-title":"Practice standards and guidelines for acquired cognitive communication disorders","author":"CALSPO","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199106000-00011","article-title":"Analysis of conversational discourse in head-injured adults","volume":"6","author":"CA Coelho","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349220.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3109\/02699059209029669","article-title":"Three discourse profiles of closed-head-injury speakers: theoretical and clinical implications","volume":"6","author":"LL Hartley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349220.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01061.x","article-title":"First impressions count: a controlled investigation of social skill following closed head injury","volume":"32","author":"SE Spence","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349220.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/026990597123403","article-title":"Conversational assessment following traumatic brain injury: a comparison across two control groups","volume":"11","author":"P Snow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000835","article-title":"INCOG 2.0 Guidelines for Cognitive Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Part IV: Cognitive-Communication and Social Cognition Disorders","volume":"38","author":"L Togher","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349220.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050600664574","article-title":"Social communication skills in persons with post-acute traumatic brain injury: three perspectives","volume":"20","author":"C Dahlberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.09.009","article-title":"Long-term ability to interpret facial expression after traumatic brain injury and its relation to social integration","volume":"69","author":"L Knox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0349220.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1080\/026990598121981","article-title":"Conversational discourse abilities following severe traumatic brain injury: a follow-up study","volume":"12","author":"P Snow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2008-23208","article-title":"Relation of executive functioning and social communication measures to functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury","volume":"23","author":"MA Struchen","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349220.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1044621","article-title":"Job stability in skilled work and communication ability after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"38","author":"P Meulenbroek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2013.775491","article-title":"An exploratory prospective study of the association between communication skills and employment outcomes after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"R Rietdijk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349220.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/026990598122160","article-title":"Competence in discourse as a measure of social integration and quality of life in persons with traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"T Galski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349220.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2022.2080720","article-title":"Experiences of language and communication after brain-tumour treatment: A long-term follow-up after glioma surgery","volume":"33","author":"S \u00c5ke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349220.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1131849","article-title":"The diverse vocational experiences of five individuals returning to work after severe brain injury: A qualitative inquiry","volume":"30","author":"EJ Bush","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/01376517-200502000-00007","article-title":"The meaning of living with traumatic brain injury in people with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"37","author":"E Jumisko","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0349220.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2020.1787849","article-title":"Surviving the \u201csilent epidemic\u201d: A qualitative exploration of the long-term journey after traumatic brain injury","volume":"31","author":"AM Lefkovits","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20083-0","article-title":"Navigating the impact of workplace distractions for persons with TBI: a qualitative descriptive study","volume":"12","author":"D Pinnow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349220.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.589796","article-title":"Participation of people with acquired brain injury: Insiders perspectives","volume":"25","author":"K Schipper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349220.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2016.1247730","article-title":"\u201cRelating through sameness\u201d: a qualitative study of friendship and social isolation in chronic traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"CE Salas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349220.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000531","article-title":"Challenges and facilitators in the experience of caregiving for an older adult with traumatic brain injury: A longitudinal qualitative study in the first-year postinjury","volume":"69","author":"G Souesme","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406921993276","article-title":"Qualitative Evidence Synthesis: Where Are We at?","volume":"20","author":"K Flemming","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-45","article-title":"Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews","volume":"8","author":"J Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref030","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-181","article-title":"Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research: ENTREQ","volume":"12","author":"A Tong","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0349220.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732312452938","article-title":"Beyond PICO: the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis","volume":"22","author":"A Cooke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-014-0579-0","article-title":"PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: a comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews","volume":"14","author":"AM Methley","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945902250034","article-title":"The challenges of searching for and retrieving qualitative studies","volume":"25","author":"J Barroso","year":"2003","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02619-9","article-title":"Automation of duplicate record detection for systematic reviews: Deduplicator","volume":"13","author":"C Forbes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-1286-z","article-title":"From the sticky floor to the glass ceiling and everything in between: protocol for a systematic review of barriers and facilitators to clinical academic careers and interventions to address these, with a focus on gender inequality","volume":"9","author":"JVE Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref039","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. CASP (Qualitative Studies) Checklist. https:\/\/casp-uk.net\/casp-tools-checklists\/qualitative-studies-checklist\/. Accessed 2023."},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0688-3","article-title":"Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings: introduction to the series","volume":"13","author":"S Lewin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_AJSLP-22-00101","article-title":"Self-Perception of Cognitive-Communication Functions After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"32","author":"R Norman","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1849800","article-title":"The impact of cognitive-communication difficulties following traumatic brain injury on the family; a qualitative, focus group study","volume":"35","author":"L Grayson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2019.19","article-title":"\u2018I\u2019ve got to row the boat on my own, more or less\u2019: aboriginal australian experiences of traumatic brain injury","volume":"20","author":"E Armstrong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Impairment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2020.13","article-title":"The maintenance of friendships after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"T Bertram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Impairment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2019.12","article-title":"\u201cIf I knew what I was doing on Twitter then I would use it more\u201d: Twitter experiences and networks of people with traumatic brain injury (TBI)","volume":"21","author":"M Brunner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Impairment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12405","article-title":"\u201cI kind of figured it out\u201d: the views and experiences of people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in using social media-self-determination for participation and inclusion online","volume":"54","author":"M Brunner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12795","article-title":"Perceptions of communication recovery following traumatic brain injury: A qualitative investigation across 2 years","volume":"59","author":"E Elbourn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349220.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12923","article-title":"The pervasive and unyielding impacts of cognitive-communication changes following traumatic brain injury","volume":"58","author":"C Kelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349220.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1080\/02687039708250463","article-title":"Living with cognitive-communicative difficulties following traumatic brain injury: Using a model of interpersonal communication to characterize the subjective experience","volume":"11","author":"CA O\u2019flaherty","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349220.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3109\/02699051003610441","article-title":"Understanding the role of communication in maintaining and forming friendships following traumatic brain injury","volume":"24","author":"J Shorland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349220.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1071\/IB23041","article-title":"Social disinhibition in acquired brain injury and neurological disease: a concept analysis","volume":"24","author":"S Skromanis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Impair"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349220.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155241312134","article-title":"\u201cTogether is no longer completely together\u201d: Exploring the influence of social cognition problems on partner relationships following acquired brain injury","volume":"39","author":"B van den Broek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1071\/IB23087","article-title":"An exploration of families\u2019 lived experiences of attention-related communication difficulties following traumatic brain injury","volume":"25","author":"M VanSolkema","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Impairment"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349220.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_AJSLP-20-00155","article-title":"The cognitive-communication checklist for acquired brain injury: A means of identifying, recording, and tracking communication impairments","volume":"30","author":"S MacDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology \/ American Speech-Language-Hearing Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349220.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/026870300401469","article-title":"Measuring perception of communicative ability: the development and evaluation of the La Trobe communication questionnaire","volume":"14","author":"JM Douglas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0349220.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050400004294","article-title":"Assessment of subtle cognitive-communication deficits following acquired brain injury: A normative study of the Functional Assessment of Verbal Reasoning and Executive Strategies (FAVRES)","volume":"19","author":"S MacDonald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref057","volume-title":"De Emotion Recognition Task (ERT): Een test om de perceptie van emotionele gezichtsuitdrukkingen te meten","author":"RPC Kessels","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349220.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998562942","article-title":"Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind","volume":"10","author":"VE Stone","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5202.105","article-title":"A clinical appraisal of the pragmatic aspects of language","volume":"52","author":"CA Prutting","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0349220.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1080\/026990596123945","article-title":"Outcome following traumatic brain injury: a comparison between 2 and 5 years after injury","volume":"10","author":"JH Olver","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2016.1257435","article-title":"Learning from the minds of others: A review of social cognition treatments and their relevance to traumatic brain injury","volume":"29","author":"A Cassel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2016.34","article-title":"Assessment and Rehabilitation of Social Cognition Impairment after Brain Injury: Surveying Practices of Clinicians","volume":"18","author":"M Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Impairment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200701000-00004","article-title":"Measuring perceived communicative ability after traumatic brain injury: reliability and validity of the La Trobe Communication Questionnaire","volume":"22","author":"JM Douglas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/2050571X.2020.1816403","article-title":"Does metacognitive strategy instruction improve impaired self-awareness in adults with cognitive-communication disorders following an acquired brain injury?","volume":"25","author":"A Copley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Speech, Language and Hearing"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1346284","article-title":"Remediation of social communication impairments following traumatic brain injury using metacognitive strategy intervention: a pilot study","volume":"31","author":"E Finch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2019.1583281","article-title":"Social communication following traumatic brain injury part 2: Identifying effective treatment ingredients","volume":"21","author":"P Meulenbroek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0349220.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2024.2392161","article-title":"A systematic literature review of the impact of impaired self-awareness on the process of rehabilitation in acquired brain injury","volume":"38","author":"R Di Somma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349220.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.05.003","article-title":"The association between awareness deficits and rehabilitation outcome following acquired brain injury","volume":"26","author":"T Ownsworth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.10.024","article-title":"A systematic review of fatigue in patients with traumatic brain injury: the course, predictors and consequences","volume":"47","author":"T Mollayeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349220.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e31824ee1a8","article-title":"Fatigue and sleep disturbance following traumatic brain injury--their nature, causes, and potential treatments","volume":"27","author":"JL Ponsford","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.v21.i3-4.70","article-title":"Sleep and Wake Disorders Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"21","author":"C Wiseman-Hakes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1379613","article-title":"Introducing the model of cognitive-communication competence: A model to guide evidence-based communication interventions after brain injury","volume":"31","author":"S MacDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349220.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200605000-00005","article-title":"Coping and emotional adjustment following traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"K Anson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0349220.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4252","article-title":"Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Anxiety and Depressive Disorders after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review","volume":"33","author":"AC Scholten","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349220.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2025.2472190","article-title":"Loneliness in acquired brain injury; a qualitative exploration of lived experience","volume":"39","author":"O Duffy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349220.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2021.1939062","article-title":"Social isolation after acquired brain injury: Exploring the relationship between network size, functional support, loneliness and mental health","volume":"32","author":"CE Salas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349220.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2019.1574589","article-title":"Loss of friendship following traumatic brain injury: A model grounded in the experience of adults with severe injury","volume":"30","author":"J Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0349220.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7916","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2021.2002442","article-title":"The value of social networks to individuals with a severe traumatic brain injury: a mixed methods approach","volume":"44","author":"AL Hindhede","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349220.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/026990599121278","article-title":"Is the social network analysis necessary in the rehabilitation of individuals with head injury?","volume":"13","author":"AH Zencius","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1558\/jircd.21020","article-title":"The influence of context on identity construction after traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"LC Keegan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Interactional Research in Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349220.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/026870300401432","article-title":"Reflections on Dobermanns, poodles, and social rehabilitation for difficult-to-serve individuals with traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"M Ylvisaker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010802201832","article-title":"Metaphoric identity mapping: facilitating goal setting and engagement in rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"M Ylvisaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_AJSLP-22-00074","article-title":"Communication is not exactly my field, but it is still my area of work: Staff and managers\u2019 experiences of communication with people with traumatic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"I Christensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2015.1051056","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury caregivers: A qualitative analysis of spouse and parent perspectives on quality of life","volume":"27","author":"AL Kratz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349220.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199409000-00009","article-title":"Family needs after brain injury: A quantitative analysis","volume":"9","author":"JS Kreutzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709991342","article-title":"Family functioning and emotional state two and five years after traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"J Ponsford","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref087","first-page":"77","article-title":"The psychological effects of traumatic brain injury on the quality of life of a group of spouses\/partners","volume":"48","author":"T Wedcliffe","year":"2001","journal-title":"S Afr J Commun Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349220.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12555","article-title":"A survey of cognitive-communication difficulties following TBI: are families receiving the training and support they need?","volume":"55","author":"L Grayson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349220.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200204000-00006","article-title":"Predictors of caregiver and family functioning following traumatic brain injury: social support moderates caregiver distress","volume":"17","author":"TC Ergh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349220.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000471","article-title":"The Contribution of Social Support, Professional Support, and Financial Hardship to Family Caregiver Life Satisfaction After Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"34","author":"SA Sabella","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref091","first-page":"57","article-title":"Developing a positive communication culture for rehabilitation: Communication training for staff and family members.","volume-title":"Staff development and clinical intervention in brain injury rehabilitation","author":"M Ylvisaker","year":"1993"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349220.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1173","article-title":"Training communication partners of people with severe traumatic brain injury improves everyday conversations: a multicenter single blind clinical trial","volume":"45","author":"L Togher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349220.ref093","first-page":"88","article-title":"Rehabilitation of communication in people with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of types of intervention and therapeutic ingredients (Rehabilitaci\u00f3n de la comunicaci\u00f3n en personas con traumatismo encefalocraneal: una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica de tipos de intervenci\u00f3n e ingredientes terap\u00e9uticos)","volume":"43","author":"R Tobar-Fredes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Studies in Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349220.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2005.01126.x","article-title":"Stress and coping among families of patients with traumatic brain injury: a review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"S Verhaeghe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349220.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-151316","article-title":"The effectiveness of social communication partner training for adults with severe chronic TBI and their families using a measure of perceived communication ability","volume":"38","author":"L Togher","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349220.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2023.2274625","article-title":"Communication between rehabilitation staff and people with traumatic brain injury: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"I Christensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref097","first-page":"96","article-title":"Digital Health Interventions for Adults with Acquired Brain Injury and Their Close Others: Implementation, Scalability, and Sustainability in the COVID-19 Context","volume":"304","author":"M Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0349220.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082896","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: unmet support needs of caregivers and families in Florida","volume":"8","author":"C Dillahunt-Aspillaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0349220.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth-24-54","article-title":"A mHealth application to identify cognitive communication disorder after right hemisphere stroke: development and beta testing","volume":"11","author":"A Love","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mhealth"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349220","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:27:36Z","timestamp":1778866056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349220"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Firas H","family":"Kobeissy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349220","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]}}}