{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T18:07:49Z","timestamp":1779127669830,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008213","name":"South Dakota State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008213","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccination was a contentious issue during the COVID-19 pandemic, and experts warned about a possibility of a spillover effect\u2014negative attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines might start affecting attitudes toward other vaccines. We evaluated the correlates between beef producers\u2019 personal vaccination decisions and cattle vaccination practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using publicly available information from USDA payment program participants, we invited 6,238 beef producers in South Dakota to participate in an online survey. The survey was conducted in October 2024 and measured the use of established cattle vaccines, attitudes toward a cattle vaccine for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), and personal COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to analyze the data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We received responses from 339 beef producers. We found that 94% of participants regularly vaccinate their cattle with established vaccines, while 24% were likely to vaccinate their cattle for HPAI when a vaccine becomes available. Over 44% of respondents never received a COVID-19 vaccination. Regression analysis results showed no association between COVID-19 vaccine uptake and the use of established cattle vaccines (aOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.76\u20132.74) and a positive and statistically significant association with the likelihood of using HPAI vaccine in cattle (aOR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.41\u20132.26).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, we found partial evidence for the presence of a relationship. It is plausible that beef producers who have not received a COVID-19 vaccination might be less likely to adopt new cattle vaccines in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T17:24:41Z","timestamp":1779125081000},"page":"e0349234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationship between personal COVID-19 vaccination decisions and cattle vaccination practices: Evidence from a survey of South Dakota beef producers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1096-325X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filip","family":"Viskupi\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Wiltse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0349234.ref001","volume-title":"AABP Vaccination Guidelines","author":"AABP AA","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0349234.ref002","volume-title":"Special report on diseases of cattle","author":"USDA","year":"1916"},{"key":"pone.0349234.ref003","unstructured":"Confirmations of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Commercial and Backyard Flocks. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/livestock-poultry-disease\/avian\/avian-influenza\/hpai-detections\/commercial-backyard-flocks Accessed 2025 July 8."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349234.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240508","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024","volume":"30","author":"ER Burrough","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0349234.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111703","article-title":"Emerging Threats of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) in US Dairy Cattle: Understanding Cross-Species Transmission Dynamics in Mammalian Hosts","volume":"16","author":"CC Sreenivasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349234.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060561","article-title":"Influenza A in Bovine Species: A Narrative Literature Review","volume":"11","author":"CC Sreenivasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349234.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12625","article-title":"Rural-urban and within-rural differences in COVID-19 vaccination rates","volume":"38","author":"Y Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"key":"pone.0349234.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101569","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy January-May 2021 among 18\u201364 year old US adults by employment and occupation","volume":"24","author":"WC King","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"pone.0349234.ref009","volume-title":"Covid vaccine concerns are starting to spill over into routine immunizations","author":"M Messerly","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349234.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15653-4","article-title":"Spillover effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on attitudes to influenza and childhood vaccines","volume":"23","author":"A Soveri","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349234.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfad059","article-title":"COVID-19 Spillover Effects onto General Vaccine Attitudes","volume":"88","author":"K Lunz Trujillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Opinion Quarterly"},{"key":"pone.0349234.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100069","article-title":"The relationship between COVID-19 vaccination, partisan self-identification, and flu vaccine uptake: A structural equation modeling approach","volume":"2","author":"F Viskupi\u010d","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health"},{"issue":"41","key":"pone.0349234.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.08.059","article-title":"Sick as a dog? 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