{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T18:11:27Z","timestamp":1778868687037,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mahidol University, Fundamental Fund: fiscal year 2025 by the National Science Research and Innovation Fund","award":["FFMY-098\/2568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFMY-098\/2568"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three-dimensional (3D)-printed hydroxyapatite (3DP-HA), fabricated via binder jetting of calcium sulfate-based powders followed by phase conversion, has demonstrated bone regeneration efficacy in both\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies. However, the inherently low solubility nature of hydroxyapatite (HA) led to slow resorption, which may impede new bone formation. This study aimed to evaluate the\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      bone regeneration efficacy of three newly developed resorbable 3D-printed calcium phosphate scaffolds, including brushite (3DP-BRU), monetite (3DP-MO), and octacalcium phosphate (3DP-OCP), fabricated using the similar technology as 3DP-HA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The scaffolds were implanted in a rat calvarial defect model and compared with control groups, including 3DP-HA and two commercial bone grafts: bovine bone graft (BBG) and freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA). Bone regeneration and material resorption were assessed using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), histological, and immunohistochemical analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Micro-CT and histological evaluations demonstrated that 3DP-MO and 3DP-BRU scaffolds significantly enhanced new bone formation and bone cell activities within the defect sites compared with the controls. Furthermore, both 3DP-MO and 3DP-BRU exhibited considerably lower residual graft material compared to the controls, indicating superior resorption characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resorbable 3D-printed calcium phosphate scaffolds, particularly 3DP-MO and 3DP-BRU, exhibit superior resorbability and enhanced bone regeneration compared with conventional materials. These findings highlight their potential as promising biomaterials for clinical application in bone defect repair.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:30:03Z","timestamp":1778866203000},"page":"e0349259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vivo evaluation of binder jet 3D-Printed monetite, brushite, and octacalcium phosphate: A comparative study for bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7821-9053","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ticomporn","family":"Luangwattanawilai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faungchat","family":"Thammarakcharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Autcharaporn","family":"Srion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasem","family":"Rattanapinyopituk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jintamai","family":"Suwanprateeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4939-7937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruedee","family":"Hemstapat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0349259.ref001","article-title":"Autograft, 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