{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:56:26Z","timestamp":1781718986946,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11230864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11230864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A significant body of research supports the importance of addressing university students\u2019 dropout intention, the process through which university students form the intention to dropout from their studies. However, available measurement tools failed to account for how dropout intention is formed over time. This research aimed to fill that gap by developing and validating a multidimensional self-report instrument to assess how the intention to dropout from the university is formed. Three studies were designed for this purpose. Study 1 used focus groups to explore how the intention to dropout emerges in freshman students enrolled at a university, with the purpose of developing a theoretical model to explain how the intention to dropout emerges. Study 2 focused on the content validation of the preliminary version of the instrument, which was carried out by expert judgment. Study 3 examined the construct validity of the instrument using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and analyzing its convergent and divergent validity. The results showed a model with good adjustment and adequate internal consistency indexes. In general, the instrument has adequate psychometric properties, proving to be reliable and valid for measuring the process of forming early university dropout intention. Use of this instrument will allow the design of timely strategies and interventions to reduce dissatisfaction, dropout ideation and dropout.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:40:06Z","timestamp":1781718006000},"page":"e0349293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Construction and validation of an instrument to assess the university dropout intention formation process UDIFP-29"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3331-6875","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaranay L\u00f3pez","family":"Angulo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Inostroza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"S\u00e1ez-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Mella-Norambuena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Patricio","family":"Zalaquett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0349293.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1787\/e13bef63-en","volume-title":"Education at a Glance 2023","author":"OECD","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1014-5","volume-title":"At a Crossroads: Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean","author":"MM Ferreyra","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref003","volume-title":"COE \u2013 Undergraduate Retention and Graduation Rates","author":"National Center for Education Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref004","volume-title":"Informe retenci\u00f3n de 1er a\u00f1o de pregrado. Cohortes 2018\u20132022","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2021.101102","article-title":"The determinants of university dropout: A review of the socio-economic literature","volume":"79","author":"C Aina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Socio-Economic Planning Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349293.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2017.1406598","article-title":"Socioeconomic success and mental health profiles of young adults who drop out of college","volume":"21","author":"C Faas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Youth Studies"},{"issue":"0","key":"pone.0349293.ref007","first-page":"61","article-title":"Student retention and dropout in higher education in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"FR Munizaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ Policy Anal Arch"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349293.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2019\/v12i4\/139729","article-title":"Predicting university dropout through data mining: A systematic literature review","volume":"12","author":"M Alban","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref009","unstructured":"S\u00e1ez-Delgado F, L\u00f3pez-Angulo Y, Cobo-Rend\u00f3n R, Mella J. Revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica sobre intenci\u00f3n de abandono en educaci\u00f3n superior. In: Congresos CLABES; 2019 Nov; Bogot\u00e1, Colombia. Bogot\u00e1: Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Panam\u00e1; 2019. 91\u2013100."},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref010","first-page":"149","article-title":"Dropout intentions in higher education: systematic literature review","volume":"16","author":"J Veliz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Effic Responsib Educ Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349293.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc5040064","article-title":"How Does Learning Analytics Contribute to Prevent Students\u2019 Dropout in Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"5","author":"CF de Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"BDCC"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349293.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327643","article-title":"Predictors of higher education dropout intention in the post-pandemic era: The mediating role of academic exhaustion","volume":"20","author":"B Gonzalez","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349293.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejeps.2017.07.003","article-title":"Variables influyentes en progreso acad\u00e9mico y permanencia en la universidad","volume":"10","author":"M Esteban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref014","first-page":"122","article-title":"Variables relacionadas con la intenci\u00f3n de abandono universitario en el periodo","volume":"10","author":"A Bernardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Innov Doc Univ"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref015","first-page":"21","article-title":"Strategie cognitive per l\u2019autoregolazione dell\u2019apprendimento e motivazione allo studio","volume":"17","author":"V Biasci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ Cult Psychol Stud"},{"issue":"276","key":"pone.0349293.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.22550\/REP78-2-2020-02","article-title":"Factores explicativos del abandono de los estudios en la educaci\u00f3n superior en contextos socioacad\u00e9micos desfavorables","volume":"78","author":"F Acevedo Calamet","year":"2020","journal-title":"REP"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349293.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.5209\/rev_RCED.2017.v28.n2.50009","article-title":"Factores explicativos de la deserci\u00f3n de estudiantes de pedagog\u00eda","volume":"28","author":"JR Vergara-Morales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Complut Educ"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349293.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2018.1502412","article-title":"A prospective investigation of students\u2019 academic achievement and dropout in higher education: A Self-Determination Theory approach","volume":"38","author":"LM Jeno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893894","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.893894","article-title":"Predictive model of the dropout intention of Chilean university students","volume":"13","author":"Y L\u00f3pez-Angulo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0349293.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.12795\/revistafuentes.2020.v22.i2.05","article-title":"Intenci\u00f3n de abandonar la carrera: Influencia de variables personales y familiares","volume":"2","author":"E Tuero Herrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"revistafuentes"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349293.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-023-00732-2","article-title":"Understanding the dynamics of college transitions between courses: Uncertainty associated with the decision to drop out studies among first and second year students","volume":"38","author":"C Galve-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349293.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/0309877X.2021.1955844","article-title":"A sense of belonging at university: student retention, motivation and enjoyment","volume":"46","author":"ML Pedler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Further and Higher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349293.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07924-y","article-title":"Correction: Burnout and dropout intention in medical students: the protective role of academic engagement","volume":"25","author":"S Calcatin","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102373","article-title":"From procrastination to frustration\u2014how delaying tasks can affect study satisfaction and dropout intentions over the course of university studies","volume":"108","author":"C Lindner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Learn Individ Differ"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-021-00571-z","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of the reciprocal relationship between academic procrastination, study satisfaction, and dropout intentions in higher education","volume":"37","author":"A Scheunemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349293.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12433","article-title":"Motives for dropping out from higher education - An analysis of bachelor\u2019s degree students in Germany","volume":"56","author":"A Behr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349293.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.36681\/tused.2021.76","article-title":"A comparative study of self-regulation levels and academic performance among STEM and non-STEM university students using multivariate analysis of variance","volume":"18","author":"K Bene","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Turk Sci Educ"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0349293.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15589","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-02834-4","article-title":"Self-regulated learning self-efficacy, motivation, and intention to drop-out: The moderating role of friendships at university","volume":"42","author":"M Morelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349293.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1177\/15210251221133374","article-title":"The Impact of Parents, Intimate Relationships, and Friends on Students\u2019 Dropout Intentions","volume":"26","author":"T Baalmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Coll Stud Retent"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2020.102063","article-title":"Social networks and college performance: Evidence from dining data","volume":"79","author":"DD Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ Educ Rev"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15369","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-025-08222-y","article-title":"Cyberbullying behaviors as predictors of the intention to drop out at university","volume":"44","author":"AB Bernardo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349293.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543045001089","article-title":"Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research","volume":"45","author":"V Tinto","year":"1975","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349293.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.1982.11780504","article-title":"Limits of Theory and Practice in Student Attrition","volume":"53","author":"V Tinto","year":"1982","journal-title":"The Journal of Higher Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349293.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167216689052","article-title":"The Process of Disengagement From Personal Goals: Reciprocal Influences Between the Experience of Action Crisis and Appraisals of Goal Desirability and Attainability","volume":"43","author":"M Ghassemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"36","key":"pone.0349293.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/ir.37019823604","article-title":"Conceptual models of student attrition: How theory can help the institutional researcher","volume":"1982","author":"JP Bean","year":"1982","journal-title":"New Drctns for Instit Rsrch"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349293.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2190\/U2QB-52J9-GHGP-6LEE","article-title":"A psychological process of college student dropout","volume":"2","author":"AJ Mashburn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Coll Stud Retent"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref037","article-title":"Validation of scales to measure dropout and changing majors intentions of Chilean university students","author":"Y L\u00f3pez-Angulo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Coll Stud Retent"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref038","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Mujica A, Garc\u00eda D, L\u00f3pez-Angulo Y, Maluenda J, Hern\u00e1ndez H, P\u00e9rez MV. In: 2018. 213\u201322."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349293.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1086\/675308","article-title":"Academic Performance and College Dropout: Using Longitudinal Expectations Data to Estimate a Learning Model","volume":"32","author":"R Stinebrickner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69746-3_2","article-title":"From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior","author":"I Ajzen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Action Control. Springer Berlin Heidelberg"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref041","volume-title":"Meaning and void: inner experience and the incentives in people\u2019s lives","author":"E Klinger","year":"1977"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349293.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1026\/0033-3042.56.4.261","article-title":"Wie beeinflussen Routinen das Entscheidungsverhalten? [How do routines influence decision making?]","volume":"56","author":"T Betsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychologische Rundschau"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65094-4_12","article-title":"Motivation and Volition in the Course of Action","author":"A Achtziger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Motivation and Action. Springer International Publishing"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349293.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214313","article-title":"Dropouts from higher education: An interdisciplinary review and synthesis","volume":"1","author":"WG Spady","year":"1970","journal-title":"Interchange"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349293.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543055004485","article-title":"A conceptual model of nontraditional undergraduate student attrition","volume":"55","author":"JP Bean","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref046","author":"ET Pascarella","year":"2005","journal-title":"How college affects students: a third decade of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349293.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00992313","article-title":"A psychological model of student persistence","volume":"31","author":"CA Ethington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Res High Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349293.ref048","first-page":"1","article-title":"Student dropout at university: a phase-orientated view on quitting studies and changing majors","volume":"37","author":"L B\u00e4ulke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349293.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.33423\/jhetp.v24i6.7019","article-title":"Measuring Dropout Intention in College Students: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"24","author":"K Mu\u00f1oz-Inostroza","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHETP"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0349293.ref050","first-page":"17","article-title":"Validation of the Early University Dropout Intentions Questionnaire (EUDIQ-R)","volume":"22","author":"AB Bernardo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J High Educ Theory Pract"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2020.100957","article-title":"Dimensionality and reliability of a screening instrument for students at-risk of dropping out from higher education","volume":"68","author":"JR Casanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud Educ Eval"},{"issue":"73","key":"pone.0349293.ref052","first-page":"199","article-title":"El CADESUN. Un instrumento para analizar la deserci\u00f3n estudiantil universitaria","volume":"28","author":"P D\u00edaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reencuentro Anal Probl Univ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349293.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.0.0079","article-title":"The college persistence questionnaire: Development and validation of an instrument that predicts student attrition","volume":"50","author":"WB Davidson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Coll Stud Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349293.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1108\/JARHE-01-2020-0019","article-title":"WWH-dropout scale: when, why and how to measure propensity to drop out of undergraduate courses","volume":"13","author":"J Schmitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Res High Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349293.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.15689\/ap.2019.1802.17694.11","article-title":"Constru\u00e7\u00e3o de um question\u00e1rio transcultural de motivos de abandono do ensino superior","volume":"18","author":"LS Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aval Psicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349293.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2017.1396583","article-title":"Ten Steps in Scale Development and Reporting: A Guide for Researchers","volume":"12","author":"S Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Communication Methods and Measures"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349293.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/15305058.2017.1398166","article-title":"Guidelines for translating and adapting tests","volume":"18","author":"International Test Commission","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Test"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref058","volume-title":"Standards for educational and psychological testing","author":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349293.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s40753-019-00101-9","article-title":"The Effects of Instructional Approach and Social Support on College Algebra Students\u2019 Motivation and Achievement: Classroom Climate Matters","volume":"6","author":"L Duffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Res Undergrad Math Educ"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101907","article-title":"Trajectories of motivation and their academic correlates over the first year of college","volume":"63","author":"JH Corpus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349293.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.2466\/08.10.20.PR0.111.5.624-640","article-title":"The Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) for use with Spanish students","volume":"111","author":"MS Rodr\u00edguez Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349293.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164485451012","article-title":"Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings","volume":"45","author":"LR Aiken","year":"1985","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349293.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327841mpee0804_3","article-title":"Applying a Score Confidence Interval to Aiken\u2019s Item Content-Relevance Index","volume":"8","author":"RD Penfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"03","key":"pone.0349293.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.15689\/ap.2018.1703.14883.09","article-title":"Entrevistas cognitivas: revisi\u00f3n, directrices de uso y aplicaci\u00f3n en investigaciones psicol\u00f3gicas","volume":"17","author":"E Caicedo-Cavagnis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aval Psicol"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref065","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","author":"JF Hair","year":"2014","edition":"7"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349293.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2020.1718629","article-title":"Use Omega Rather than Cronbach\u2019s Alpha for Estimating Reliability. But\u2026","volume":"14","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Communication Methods and Measures"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349293.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2017.12.010","article-title":"Development and validation of the brief regulation of motivation scale","volume":"67","author":"e Kim Y","year":"2018","journal-title":"Learn Individ Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349293.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"L Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349293.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/1521025115621917","article-title":"Through the eyes of students","volume":"19","author":"V Tinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Coll Stud Retent"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349293.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09645292.2023.2196006","article-title":"Friends don\u2019t let friends drop out","volume":"32","author":"JM Krieg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ Econ"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref072","volume-title":"Scale development: theory and applications","author":"RF DeVellis","year":"2017","edition":"4"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref073","volume-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1994","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349293.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2015.1087664","article-title":"A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: what we are doing and how can we improve?","volume":"32","author":"MC Howard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Interact"},{"key":"pone.0349293.ref075","first-page":"122","article-title":"Variables relacionades amb la intenci\u00f3 d\u2019abandonament universitari en el per\u00edode de transici\u00f3","author":"A Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Innov Doc Univ"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349293","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:40:21Z","timestamp":1781718021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349293"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Iftikhar Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]}}}