{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T18:13:50Z","timestamp":1779387230040,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The ALF agreement","award":["ALFGBG-942707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-942707"]}]},{"name":"The ALF agreement","award":["ALFGBG-965885 and ALFGBG-1005848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-965885 and ALFGBG-1005848"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>B cell abnormalities are an early feature of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection, leading to hypergammaglobulinemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate serum levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) as well as the inflammatory biomarkers neopterin, \u03b22-microglobulin and albumin in a large cohort of untreated as well as virologically suppressed people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of blood samples from untreated PWH and virologically suppressed participants on ART. Of 750 collected blood samples, 267 were from ART-suppressed participants and 483 from untreated participants. Levels of IgG, HIV-RNA, CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells, \u03b22-microglobulin, neopterin and albumin were analyzed with regard to age, sex and stage of HIV infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hypergammaglobulinemia was present in all subgroups of untreated PWH except in those with primary HIV infection. Participants with a CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cell count between 50 and 349 cells\/\u00b5L exhibited the highest IgG concentrations. Elevated IgG concentrations prevailed in 24% of participants on ART. Serum neopterin and \u03b22-microglobulin levels were significantly elevated in untreated PWH. They decreased in participants on ART, but remained abnormally elevated in approximately half of those.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although IgG levels were normalized in a majority of participants on ART, hypergammaglobulinemia prevailed in about a quarter of cases, indicating a remaining B cell hyperactivity despite viral suppression. The finding of elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers despite ART suppression is suggestive of residual inflammatory activity and parallels the finding of persisting hypergammaglobulinemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T17:35:51Z","timestamp":1779384951000},"page":"e0349405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypergammaglobulinemia in treated and untreated people with HIV"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5288-4623","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isabel","family":"Vigmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Staffan","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aylin","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Gissl\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2167-6822","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Josefina","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349405.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112595","article-title":"Mechanisms of B cell activation in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and related disorders. 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