{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T18:06:01Z","timestamp":1780423561439,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["\u2116 075-15-2025-526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u2116 075-15-2025-526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tick-borne phleboviruses represent emerging pathogens with zoonotic potential, yet their distribution across Asian Russia remains poorly characterized. This study investigated the prevalence, genetic diversity, and evolutionary dynamics of phleboviruses in 1,078 individual\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes persulcatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks collected from 143 locations across Asian Russia during summer 2023. Samples underwent PCR screening, high-throughput sequencing for genome reconstruction, phylogenetic analysis, and AlphaFold protein structural modeling. We detected 27 phleboviral isolates belonging to\n                    <jats:italic>Phlebovirus mukawaense<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MKWV), Mudanjiang phlebovirus, Onega tick phlebovirus, and Gomselga virus\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    with prevalence rates of 0.6%, 0.1%, 0.3%, and 1.5%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested Gomselga virus belongs within the MKWV species complex. Complete coding sequences of Russian MKWV isolates enabled high-confidence structural predictions for key proteins. The predicted tertiary structure of the MKWV nucleoprotein exhibits strong similarity to those of Rift Valley fever virus and Toscana virus, despite limited sequence identity. The MKWV nucleoprotein features a conserved globular core with a well-defined RNA-binding cleft. Segment-specific phylogenetic incongruence among Primorsky MKWV isolates indicated potential reassortment events. Additionally, coinfections involving MKWV and Alongshan virus,\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , or\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were identified. These findings significantly expand the known geographic range and genetic diversity of tick-borne phleboviruses in Russia. The integration of genomic and structural data provides a robust framework for functional annotation and highlights the evolutionary stability of essential viral domains. Further research should focus on virus isolation and investigating antigenic properties and replication capacity in mammalian cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:35:41Z","timestamp":1780421741000},"page":"e0349564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expanding diversity of tick-borne phleboviruses (Phlebovirus mukawaense, Mudanjiang phlebovirus, Gomselga Virus, and Onega tick phlebovirus) in Russia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mikhail Y.","family":"Kartashov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina Y.","family":"Kurushina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey O.","family":"Yanshin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina S.","family":"Zheleznova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirill A.","family":"Svirin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatyana V.","family":"Tregubchak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir A.","family":"Ternovoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander P.","family":"Agafonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7396-3954","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anastasia V.","family":"Gladysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0349564.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622394","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1622394","article-title":"Advances in research on severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus","volume":"16","author":"Y Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349564.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520343","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2520343","article-title":"Bandavirus dabieense: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, treatment and prevention","volume":"16","author":"C Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349564.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310862","article-title":"Detection and prevalence of a novel Bandavirus related to Guertu virus in Amblyomma gemma ticks and human populations in Isiolo County, Kenya","volume":"19","author":"H Koka","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349564.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2105.150150","article-title":"Novel thogotovirus associated with febrile illness and death, United States, 2014","volume":"21","author":"OI Kosoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349564.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comprehensive Review of Emergence and Virology of Tickborne Bourbon Virus in the United States","volume":"29","author":"MK Roe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0349564.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6744","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1324194111","article-title":"A tick-borne segmented RNA virus contains genome segments derived from unsegmented viral ancestors","volume":"111","author":"X-C Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349564.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492360","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2492360","article-title":"Alongshan virus: An emerging arboviral challenge in regional health security","volume":"16","author":"M Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349564.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330544","article-title":"Ongoing circulation of emerging tick-borne viruses in Poland, Eastern Europe","volume":"20","author":"K Ergunay","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349564.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25857-0","article-title":"A novel nairovirus associated with acute febrile illness in Hokkaido, Japan","volume":"12","author":"F Kodama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349564.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2904.220885","article-title":"Yezo Virus Infection in Tick-Bitten Patient and Ticks, Northeastern China","volume":"29","author":"X Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0349564.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6784","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00095-16","article-title":"Uukuniemi Virus as a Tick-Borne Virus Model","volume":"90","author":"M Mazelier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349564.ref012","article-title":"Clinical and historical infection of Tacheng tick virus 2: A retrospective investigation","volume":"18","author":"Y Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349564.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01228-y","article-title":"Identification of a new orthonairovirus associated with human febrile illness in China","volume":"27","author":"J Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pone.0349564.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529253","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1529253","article-title":"Tick species, tick-borne pathogen distribution and risk factor analysis in border areas of China, Russia and North Korea","volume":"12","author":"P Min","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349564.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2410853","article-title":"Human Infection with a Novel Tickborne Orthonairovirus Species in China","volume":"392","author":"M-Z Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0349564.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.3390\/v17121534","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Genotype of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV) in Northern Hebei Province, China","volume":"17","author":"M Geng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349564.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050876","article-title":"The Role of Non-Structural Protein NSs in the Pathogenesis of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome","volume":"13","author":"J Khalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pone.0349564.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2025.101495","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus NSs: a multifaceted viral protein in host-virus interactions","volume":"73","author":"K Adhikari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0349564.ref019","first-page":"1892","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, South Korea, 2012","volume":"19","author":"KH Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349564.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit603","article-title":"The first identification and retrospective study of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Japan","volume":"209","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349564.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2505.181463","article-title":"Endemic Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Vietnam","volume":"25","author":"XC Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349564.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.190611","article-title":"Serologic Evidence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Related Viruses in Pakistan","volume":"26","author":"A Zohaib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349564.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203378","article-title":"A new phlebovirus associated with severe febrile illness in Missouri","volume":"367","author":"LK McMullan","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349564.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.11.012","article-title":"Infection of newly identified phleboviruses in ticks and wild animals in Hokkaido, Japan indicating tick-borne life cycles","volume":"10","author":"S Torii","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0349564.ref025","article-title":"Extensive diversity of RNA viruses in ticks revealed by metagenomics in northeastern China","volume":"16","author":"Z Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0349564.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122353","article-title":"Identification of Mudanjiang Phlebovirus in the Daxing\u2019anling Region of China","volume":"15","author":"C Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349564.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102045","article-title":"Pathogens in Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) in Karelia (Russia)","volume":"13","author":"SV Bugmyrin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"pone.0349564.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104524","article-title":"Phlebovirus sequences detected in ticks collected in Russia: Novel phleboviruses, distinguishing criteria and high tick specificity","volume":"85","author":"AS Klimentov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349564.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02942-0","article-title":"Distribution of Mukawa virus (Phlebovirus mukawaense) in Russia","volume":"22","author":"AS Gladkikh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"pone.0349564.ref030","volume-title":"Ixodid ticks (Ixodinae)","author":"NA Filippova","year":"1977"},{"key":"pone.0349564.ref031","article-title":"Ticks of Europe and North Africa: a guide to species identification","author":"A Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2017","journal-title":"Springer International Publishing"},{"key":"pone.0349564.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2016.02.009","article-title":"Development of pan-phlebovirus RT-PCR assay","volume":"232","author":"AS Klimentov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0349564.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"S Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0349564.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","article-title":"Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349564.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008","article-title":"Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools","volume":"10","author":"P Danecek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349564.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-018-1618-7","article-title":"An amplicon-based sequencing framework for accurately measuring intrahost virus diversity using PrimalSeq and iVar","volume":"20","author":"ND Grubaugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"pone.0349564.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268","article-title":"Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) v6: recent updates to the phylogenetic tree display and annotation tool","volume":"52","author":"I Letunic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"8016","key":"pone.0349564.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","article-title":"Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3","volume":"630","author":"J Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349564.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01773-0","article-title":"Fast and accurate protein structure search with Foldseek","volume":"42","author":"M van Kempen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0349564.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1091","article-title":"Updated resources for exploring experimentally-determined PDB structures and Computed Structure Models at the RCSB Protein Data Bank","volume":"53","author":"SK Burley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349564.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3943","article-title":"UCSF ChimeraX: Structure visualization for researchers, educators, and developers","volume":"30","author":"EF Pettersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"pone.0349564.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf326","article-title":"FoldScript: a web server for the efficient analysis of AI-generated 3D protein models","volume":"53","author":"X Robert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349564.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060880","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus Reassortment Study in Sheep","volume":"16","author":"V Balaraman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0349564.ref044","article-title":"Multiple genotypes and reassortants of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus co-circulating in Hangzhou in southeastern China, 2013-2023","volume":"96","author":"g Wen Y a n p i n","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349564.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.03.004","article-title":"Co-infection with tick-borne disease agents in cattle in Russia","volume":"10","author":"SA Bursakov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"pone.0349564.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1134\/S001387381902012X","article-title":"Identification of the spectrum of pathogens in ixodid ticks from natural co-infection foci of the Baikal region","volume":"99","author":"OV Melnikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entmol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0349564.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.07.010","article-title":"Viral metagenomics, genetic and evolutionary characteristics of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus in humans, Kosovo","volume":"65","author":"P Emmerich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pone.0349564.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00114","article-title":"Tick-Pathogen Interactions and Vector Competence: Identification of Molecular Drivers for Tick-Borne Diseases","volume":"7","author":"J de la Fuente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349564","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:35:50Z","timestamp":1780421750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349564"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Humberto Julio","family":"Debat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349564","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}}}