{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:59:25Z","timestamp":1781287165454,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The environmental conditions on present\u2011day Mars are far outside the range tolerated by known complex terrestrial life. Conceptual climate studies have suggested that, in hypothetical terraforming scenarios, artificially enhancing the greenhouse effect could restore Mars to more habitable surface conditions. Early colonizing terrestrial life on a warming Mars would plausibly consist of lichens and high\u2011alpine or high\u2011arctic plants. Here, we consider a later, more demanding step and investigate the thermal conditions under which the first tree could, in principle, grow on the Martian surface. Based on empirical treeline studies, we adopt thermal thresholds for a representative high\u2011elevation conifer: a growing season of at least 110 sols during which daily minimum temperatures exceed \u22126 \u00b0C, daily means exceed 6 \u00b0C, and daily maxima remain below 40 \u00b0C. In addition to liquid water and suitable substrates, O\u2082 at ~1 hPa and non\u2011toxic CO\u2082 levels are likely required; however, these non\u2011thermal constraints are not explicitly modelled and make the temperature thresholds necessary but not sufficient for tree viability. We use a high\u2011resolution surface energy balance model of Mars, assuming a pure CO\u2082 atmosphere with prescribed grey infrared opacity and neglecting the coupled water cycle, full atmospheric dynamics, photochemistry, and surface radiation, to estimate spatio\u2011temporal thermal windows for potential tree growth as a function of CO\u2082 surface pressure and additional greenhouse forcing. For a 100 hPa CO\u2082 atmosphere, near\u2011surface temperatures satisfying the treeline thresholds first appear when the added grey infrared opacity is\u2009~\u20090.39 optical depths. In our simulations, these thermal criteria are initially met not in the tropics (\u00b125\u00b0), but in the low\u2011lying Hellas Basin. As either the CO\u2082 surface pressure or the imposed grey opacity is increased beyond the values required to open the thermal window, large regions of the southern hemisphere subsequently become thermally overheated and thus unsuitable for tree growth. In this sense, the thermal windows identified in our simulations mark conditions under which temperature would no longer be the primary limiting factor for tree growth, assuming that other essential environmental constraints (such as water availability, radiation environment, substrate properties, and atmospheric composition) are satisfied. We emphasize that this study deals with temperature only, which is an important factor in tree growth on Mars. Other factors that affect tree growth, including water, CO\u2082 limits, O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    limit, UV and ionizing radiation, and soil nutrients and microbial population, are not considered explicitly here.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:45:41Z","timestamp":1781286341000},"page":"e0349588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conceptual thermal constraints on the growth of the first tree on a terraformed Mars"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wendland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Pa\u0142ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1697-9367","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Olszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison F.C.","family":"Bridger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda A.","family":"Kahre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"K\u00f6rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher 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Ansari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"pone.0349588.ref012","first-page":"146","article-title":"Could CO\u2082 retrieved from the Martian regolith form a substantial atmosphere?","volume":"315","author":"BM Jakosky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349588.ref013","first-page":"662","article-title":"Warming early Mars with CO\u2082 and H\u2082","volume":"222","author":"P von Paris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349588.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-060115-012355","article-title":"The climate of early Mars","volume":"44","author":"RD Wordsworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349588.ref015","article-title":"Geologic Constraints on Early Mars Climate","volume":"215","author":"ES Kite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Space Sci 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