{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T17:54:06Z","timestamp":1782150846211,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016386","name":"Conselleria de Innovaci\u00f3n, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIGE\/2023\/80"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIGE\/2023\/80"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011289","name":"International Society of Biomechanics","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023561","name":"Ministerio de Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU20\/01060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU20\/01060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Previous studies suggested that skin blood flow, and therefore skin temperature affect changes in muscle oxygenation (SmO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Given that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements consider a depth of a few centimeters to capture changes in SmO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , in this study, we aimed to explore whether a relationship between skin temperature and SmO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    is observed after sets of isokinetic strength exercises. Seventeen males (age: 25\u2009\u00b1\u20096 years old and body mass: 74.7\u2009\u00b1\u200912.4 kg) completed five series of 30 maximum unilateral (preferred) knee extension isokinetic exercises at 180\u00ba\u00b7sec\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    with a 60-second rest between series to exercise quadriceps muscles. At baseline, after a warm-up, and 50 seconds after each series of exercise, SmO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    related to vastus lateralis and skin temperature of the anterior thigh were evaluated in the exercised and non-exercised legs. Significance was established at p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05. Exercise reduced mean skin temperature throughout the consecutive repetitions in both the exercised and non-exercised legs (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). SmO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    increased during exercise only in the exercised leg. No significant correlations were found between skin temperature and SmO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and weak correlations were observed between skin temperature and total haemoglobin for absolute (r\u2009=\u20090.4 and p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and delta values (r\u2009=\u20090.3 and p\u2009=\u20090.03) only in the non-exercised leg. In conclusion, this exploratory study suggests that skin temperature and SmO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    are compatible as they explain different physiological responses, although these measurements are not associated during a controlled exercise.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T17:43:23Z","timestamp":1782150203000},"page":"e0349644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploration of the associations between muscle oxygen saturation and skin temperature responses during isokinetic strength exercise"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6667-1646","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Willian","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8002-8120","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Sendra-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2107-2025","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn Mart\u00edn","family":"Marzano-Felisatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3784-8489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Aparicio-Aparicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-4855","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Felipe P.","family":"Carpes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0375-1454","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jose Ignacio","family":"Priego-Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349644.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00166.2018","article-title":"Understanding near infrared spectroscopy and its application to skeletal muscle research","volume":"126","author":"TJ Barstow","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349644.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-019-00697-2","article-title":"Review of early development of near-infrared spectroscopy and recent advancement of studies on muscle oxygenation and oxidative metabolism","volume":"69","author":"T Hamaoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349644.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01987-x","article-title":"Muscle Oximetry in Sports Science: An Updated Systematic Review","volume":"54","author":"S Perrey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349644.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2021.103571","article-title":"The use of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess the aerobic training loads of world-class rowers","volume":"38","author":"A Klusiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143393","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1143393","article-title":"Comparing the reliability of muscle oxygen saturation with common performance and physiological markers across cycling exercise intensity","volume":"5","author":"A Yogev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0349644.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14145","article-title":"Effects of a rehabilitation program on microvascular function of CHD patients assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"7","author":"RN Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349644.ref007","first-page":"427","article-title":"The use of near-infrared spectroscopy for the evaluation of a 4-week rehabilitation program in patients with COPD","volume":"108","author":"B Szucs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica Hungarica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349644.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39651-z","article-title":"Reliability of threshold determination using portable muscle oxygenation monitors during exercise testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"C Sendra-P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349644.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3019-2","article-title":"Effects of increased skin blood flow on muscle oxygenation\/deoxygenation: comparison of time-resolved and continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy signals","volume":"115","author":"S Koga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349644.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/phy2.179","article-title":"Influence of cutaneous and muscular circulation on spatially resolved versus standard Beer-Lambert near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"A Messere","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349644.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1596-2","article-title":"Skin blood flow differentially affects near-infrared spectroscopy-derived measures of muscle oxygen saturation and blood volume at rest and during dynamic leg exercise","volume":"110","author":"GA Tew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref012","first-page":"185","article-title":"The Use of Infrared Thermography in the Study of Sport and Exercise Physiology","author":"D Formenti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Application of Infrared Thermography in Sports Science. Springer Nature Switzerland"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349644.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2010.056176","article-title":"Changes in the control of skin blood flow with exercise training: where do cutaneous vascular adaptations fit in?","volume":"96","author":"GH Simmons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349644.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ac1872","article-title":"The use of infrared thermography for the dynamic measurement of skin temperature of moving athletes during competition; methodological issues","volume":"42","author":"PE Aylwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349644.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ac0fbd","article-title":"Regions of interest selection and thermal imaging data analysis in sports and exercise science: a narrative review","volume":"42","author":"D Perpetuini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349644.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3426253","article-title":"Thermography as a Means of Blood Perfusion Measurement","volume":"101","author":"JE Francis","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349644.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2010.01.010","article-title":"Correlation of infrared thermography and skin perfusion in Raynaud patients and in healthy controls","volume":"80","author":"O Schlager","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349644.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2022.2109931","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses to hot skin at rest and during exercise","volume":"10","author":"T-H Chou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Temperature (Austin)"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.03.001","article-title":"Biophysical aspects of human thermoregulation during heat stress","volume":"196","author":"MN Cramer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502939","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1502939","article-title":"Editorial: Muscle oxygenation and vascular adaptations in sports performance and rehabilitation","volume":"15","author":"R Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Sep\u00falveda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0349644.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2024.07.006","article-title":"Reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring muscle oxygenation during squat exercise","volume":"27","author":"J Corral-P\u00e9rez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349644.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003400","article-title":"Lower-limb Dynamics of Muscle Oxygen Saturation During the Back-squat Exercise: Effects of Training Load and Effort Level","volume":"34","author":"CD G\u00f3mez-Carmona","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2015.07.008","article-title":"Effect of perspiration on skin temperature measurements by infrared thermography and contact thermometry during aerobic cycling","volume":"72","author":"JI Priego Quesada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infrared Physics & Technology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349644.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075003","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aaca85","article-title":"Contact skin temperature measurements and associated effects of obstructing local sweat evaporation during mild exercise-induced heat stress","volume":"39","author":"BA MacRae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref025","volume-title":"Designing clinical research: an epidemiologic approach","author":"SB Hulley","year":"2013","edition":"4"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47410-6","volume-title":"Application of Infrared Thermography in Sports Science","author":"JI. Priego Quesada","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349644.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094138","article-title":"Effects of quadriceps muscle fatigue on stiff-knee gait in patients with hemiparesis","volume":"9","author":"J Boudarham","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349644.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181a8f7cf","article-title":"Enhanced fatigue resistance in older adults during repeated sets of intermittent contractions","volume":"24","author":"ES Rawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0349644.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.24.11.115001","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxygen saturation on a 0% to 100% scale: reliability and validity of the Moxy Monitor","volume":"24","author":"A Feldmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349644.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","article-title":"Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures","volume":"10","author":"HJ Hermens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2014.02.008","article-title":"Time required to stabilize thermographic images at rest","volume":"65","author":"JCB Marins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infrared Physics & Technology"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2017.07.006","article-title":"Thermographic imaging in sports and exercise medicine: A Delphi study and consensus statement on the measurement of human skin temperature","volume":"69","author":"DG Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref033","volume-title":"A step-by-step approach to using SAS for univariate & multivariate statistics","author":"N O\u2019Rourke","year":"2005"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349644.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.08.056","article-title":"Peripheral skin temperature effects on muscle oxygen levels","volume":"29","author":"C Hom","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349644.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1330899","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Moxy oxygen monitor during incremental cycling exercise","volume":"17","author":"EM Crum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref036","article-title":"Validity and reliability of two near-infrared spectroscopy devices to measure resting hemoglobin in elite cyclists","author":"A Gandia-Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0349644.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12100283","article-title":"Oxygenation Kinetics of Three Quadriceps Muscles During Squatting Exercise in Trained Men","volume":"12","author":"K Mavridis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349644.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0718-x","article-title":"Thermal imaging of exercise-associated skin temperature changes in trained and untrained female subjects","volume":"41","author":"D Formenti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0349644.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6817","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186817","article-title":"Relationship between Skin Temperature, Electrical Manifestations of Muscle Fatigue, and Exercise-Induced Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness for Dynamic Contractions: A Preliminary Study","volume":"17","author":"JI Priego-Quesada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref040","first-page":"185","article-title":"The Use of Infrared Thermography in the Study of Sport and Exercise Physiology","author":"D Formenti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Application of Infrared Thermography in Sports Science. Springer Nature Switzerland"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349644.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199203000-00005","article-title":"Control of skin blood flow during exercise","volume":"24","author":"WL Kenney","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349644.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-023-11978-9","article-title":"Thermographic assessment of skin response to strength training in young participants","volume":"148","author":"I Fern\u00e1ndez-Cuevas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Therm Anal Calorim"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2016.04.013","article-title":"Dynamics of thermographic skin temperature response during squat exercise at two different speeds","volume":"59","author":"D Formenti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349644.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00627.2007","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity of quadriceps muscle deoxygenation kinetics during cycle exercise","volume":"103","author":"S Koga","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2016.01.014","article-title":"Definition of the thermographic regions of interest in cycling by using a factor analysis","volume":"75","author":"JI Priego Quesada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infrared Physics & Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349644.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa5dd5","article-title":"The influence of adipose tissue on spatially resolved near-infrared spectroscopy derived skeletal muscle oxygenation: the extent of the problem","volume":"38","author":"VM Niemeijer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.103918","article-title":"Exploring the correlation of skin temperature and body composition in athletes undergoing exhaustive physical exercise","volume":"123","author":"P Korman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349644.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162914","article-title":"Oxygenation Threshold Derived from Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Reliability and Its Relationship with the First Ventilatory Threshold","volume":"11","author":"S van der Zwaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0349644.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ad1457","article-title":"A comparative analysis of mathematical methods for detecting lactate thresholds using muscle oxygenation data during a graded cycling test","volume":"44","author":"C Sendra-P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"pone.0349644.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2015.02.007","article-title":"Classification of factors influencing the use of infrared thermography in humans: A review","volume":"71","author":"I Fern\u00e1ndez-Cuevas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infrared Physics & Technology"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349644","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T17:43:30Z","timestamp":1782150210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349644"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hasan","family":"Sozen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349644","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]}}}