{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:44:01Z","timestamp":1791387841599,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008809","name":"University of Hail","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000770","name":"University of manchester","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Synthetic bone tissue scaffold function is controlled by both material and architecture. Experimental\u00a0biomaterial\u00a0approaches have brought significant advances in scaffold function, but scaffold architecture has not been fully explored. There are many scaffold architecture design options which could be more efficiently evaluated using computational methods. The aim of this study is to introduce a novel mechanobiological computational model to assess the effect of implant degradation, bone formation, and the influence of bone loading. A finite element model of a synthetic bone tissue scaffold within a rat bone defect supported by a fixation plate was coupled with an agent-based cell and degradation model (both bulk and surface degradation). The approach was partially validated using\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experimental mass-loss data and tested in a case study examining four poly-L-lactic acid tissue scaffolds with varying architectures. The model was run for 90 days to calculate results on cell behaviour, tissue formation and scaffold degradation. The results showed that scaffold architecture strongly influences degradation and cellular behaviour, with a filament thickness of 0.6\u2009mm yielding 39 mm\u00b3 of new bone formation compared to 18 mm\u00b3 in a filament thickness of 0.2\u2009mm, representing an approximate 117% increase at day 90. Cell migration was increased in higher porosity scaffold architectures by 31% when changing from 20.9% (T4) to 54.7% (T1) porosity. The mechanobiological computational model is, to the authors\u2019 knowledge, the first time that implant degradation kinetics, mechanical environment, and cellular behavior have been combined in an\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    approach. The results show the importance of scaffold architecture design in the function of bone healing aided by tissue scaffold technology,\u00a0emphasizing\u00a0the importance of shape as well as material to improve implant function. Future work should aim to improve degradation modelling to include localised pH, autocatalysis and varying degradation rates due to chemical changes. Additionally, models should also include angiogenesis to account for the importance of revascularization in bone healing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T17:26:22Z","timestamp":1779989182000},"page":"e0349708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tissue scaffold architecture affects implant degradation and bone tissue regeneration: A novel in silico mechanobiological model analysing cell behavior, mechanical stress and degradation kinematics"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5847-8758","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adel","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad","family":"Alabdah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0349708.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15193918","article-title":"Virtual Design of 3D-Printed Bone Tissue Engineered Scaffold Shape Using Mechanobiological Modeling: Relationship of Scaffold Pore Architecture to Bone Tissue Formation","volume":"15","author":"A Alshammari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0349708.ref002"},{"key":"pone.0349708.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtnano.2021.100127","article-title":"Dispersion strategies for low-dimensional nanomaterials and their application in biopolymer implants","volume":"15","author":"P Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials Today Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349708.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4103\/ams.ams_2_17","article-title":"Magnetic Field Effects on Bone Repair after Calcium Phosphate Cement Implants: Histometric and Biochemistry Evaluation","volume":"7","author":"T Calcagnotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349708.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10020161","article-title":"A Review of Conventional and Novel Treatments for Osteoporotic Hip Replacements","volume":"10","author":"F Alabdah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0349708.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081389","article-title":"3D Biomimetic Porous Titanium (Ti6Al4V ELI) Scaffolds for Large Bone Critical Defect Reconstruction: An Experimental Study in Sheep","volume":"10","author":"AM Crovace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0349708.ref007","article-title":"3D printing of acellular scaffolds for bone defect regeneration: A review","author":"F Ghorbani","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"key":"pone.0349708.ref008","article-title":"Polycaprolactone as biomaterial for bone scaffolds: Review of literature","author":"R Dwivedi","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349708.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.95B5.30286","article-title":"Bone graft substitutes currently available in orthopaedic practice: the evidence for their use","author":"T Kurien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"key":"pone.0349708.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0611-7_1","article-title":"Biomimetic Boundary-Based Scaffold Design for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"2147","author":"HA Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0349708.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foroughi AH, Razavi J. 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