{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:08:25Z","timestamp":1790186905863,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural fibre-reinforced biocomposites are increasingly recognised as promising alternatives for reducing the high carbon footprint of the construction sector; however, the environmental implications of transcontinental supply chains remain insufficiently understood. This study presents a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of a sisal yarn-reinforced polylactic acid biocomposite plate manufactured in Denmark using sisal fibres cultivated and spun in Tanzania. Environmental impacts were assessed for a performance-based functional unit using the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) method, normalising values through a structural bending stiffness index to enable benchmarking against conventional window frame materials. Under baseline pilot-scale conditions, the biocomposite exhibited a global warming potential of 17.52 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent, with intercontinental air freight accounting for 62.53% of total emissions. Scenario optimisation involving ocean freight, 100% wind energy, and a 60:40 polylactic acid-to-sisal ratio reduced the global warming potential to 9.82 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent, a 43.97% reduction. When normalised for structural performance, the optimised biocomposite demonstrated a lower global warming potential than conventional polyvinyl chloride and aluminium window frame materials. Nevertheless, these improvements resulted in significant shifts in environmental burdens, with human non-carcinogenic toxicity increasing by 125.91% and freshwater ecotoxicity by 322.88%, primarily due to heavy fuel oil combustion during marine transport and the use of synthetic phosphate fertiliser in sisal cultivation. The findings indicate that although transcontinental sisal\/polylactic acid biocomposites can offer competitive structural and climate performance, their long-term sustainability depends on holistic multi-indicator assessments and the adoption of cleaner logistics and sustainable agricultural practices to avoid transferring environmental burdens across impact categories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:39:27Z","timestamp":1790185167000},"page":"e0349715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of sisal\/PLA biocomposite: Uncovering the dominance of transport and burden-shifting trade-offs in sustainable material design"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7686-8912","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nickson Severian","family":"Kahigi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST)","place":["Arusha, Tanzania"],"department":["School of Materials, Energy, Water and Environmental Science (MEWES)"]},{"name":"The Mbeya University of Science and Technology (MUST)","place":["Mbeya, Tanzania"],"department":["Department of Business Management"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Revocatus","family":"Machunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST)","place":["Arusha, Tanzania"],"department":["School of Materials, Energy, Water and Environmental Science 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