{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:07:46Z","timestamp":1788890866748,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gas migration in high-temperature coal seams is governed by fracture-zone connectivity, fracture-surface roughness, and thermo-mechanical deformation. However, fracture roughness is often treated qualitatively or absorbed into empirical permeability, which limits its use in field-scale gas-hazard assessment. This study develops a thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled model for gas-bearing coal seams with fracture zones. A dimensionless roughness parameter is introduced to quantify the relative asperity height of fracture surfaces and link fracture morphology with equivalent permeability, gas desorption, heat transfer, and coal-rock deformation. The model was validated using thermal-response data from the 16035 working face in the Liupanshui mining area and gas-production data from a coalbed methane well. It was then applied to analyze gas migration and coal-rock response in the 16035 working face. Results show that connected fracture zones act as preferential pathways for gas and heat transfer and control the spatial distributions of pressure, temperature, stress, and displacement near the roadway. Increasing the initial coal-seam temperature from 40\u00b0C to 50\u00b0C increases the maximum displacement by 15.8% and the maximum gas pressure by 4.3%. A lower roughness index also enhances gas transport. When the roughness index decreases from 0.4 to 0.1, the maximum permeability increases by 6.18%, and the gas desorption intensity at 3000s increases by 75.7%. These findings indicate that gas hazard in high-temperature coal seams should be evaluated by jointly considering fracture-zone geometry, quantifiable fracture roughness, and thermo-mechanical coupling effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:23:37Z","timestamp":1788888217000},"page":"e0349721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A multi-field coupled model for gas migration in high-temperature coal seams considering fracture zones and fracture roughness"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3875-6416","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shantengyue","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0349721.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.125124","article-title":"A critical review of coal permeability models","volume":"326","author":"Q Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349721.ref002","article-title":"A review of coal permeability models including the internal swelling coefficient of matrix","volume":"11","author":"S Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Coal Sci Technol"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0349721.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6221","DOI":"10.3390\/en17246221","article-title":"Multi-field coupling models of coal and gas and their engineering applications to CBM in deep seams: a review","volume":"17","author":"X Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2020.103570","article-title":"Thermo-hydro-mechanical couplings controlling gas migration in heterogeneous and elastically-deformed coal","volume":"123","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Geotech"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.126181","article-title":"Modeling of gas migration in a dual-porosity coal seam around a borehole: the effects of three types of driving forces in coal matrix","volume":"264","author":"W Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.126239","article-title":"Transition of dominated factors in coal seam gas migration: Thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling and analysis","volume":"236","author":"K Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Heat Mass Transfer"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgsce.2025.205545","article-title":"Influence of gas diffusion in coal matrix on gas extraction process: Modeling, definition, and quantitative analysis","volume":"134","author":"K Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gas Sci Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0349721.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11053-023-10306-0","article-title":"Evolution of permeability and gas seepage in deep coal under 3D stress","volume":"33","author":"T Rong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Resour Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0349721.ref009","article-title":"How to quantitatively investigate the effect of fracture roughness on gas flow: A new fully coupled interdisciplinary model","volume":"35","author":"D Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2023.105626","article-title":"A new model for coal gas seepage based on fracture-pore fractal structure characteristics","volume":"173","author":"Z Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Rock Mech Mining Sci"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgsce.2023.205118","article-title":"Dynamic effects of rough elements in fractures on coal permeability during different stages of methane extraction","volume":"119","author":"Z Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gas Sci Eng"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2019.103237","article-title":"Pressure\u2013dependent fracture permeability of marine shales in the Northeast Yunnan area, Southern China","volume":"214","author":"X Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Coal Geology"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.133373","article-title":"Why does coal permeability time dependency matter?","volume":"381","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0349721.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2024.10.004","article-title":"Experimental study on permeability evolution of deep high-stressed coal under major horizontal stress unloading paths","volume":"34","author":"C Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Min Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0349721.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engeos.2026.100560","article-title":"Temperature-driven enhancement of methane-water displacement in low-rank coal: experimental insights for deep CBM recovery","volume":"7","author":"T Pan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Energy Geosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349721.ref016","article-title":"Mechanism of the influence of high-temperature and high-pressure storage conditions on coal pore structure and methane adsorption kinetics","volume":"85","author":"S Si","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ Earth Sci"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2025.108110","article-title":"A permeability model for gas-bearing coal-rock under internal stress and gas adsorption effects","volume":"205","author":"Y Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Process Saf Environ Protect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349721.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40789-025-00830-0","article-title":"Permeability-driven optimization of carbon dioxide injection timing in enhanced coalbed methane recovery","volume":"12","author":"L Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Coal Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349721.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s42461-020-00323-5","article-title":"Managing heat in underground mines: the importance of incorporating the thermal flywheel effect into climatic modeling","volume":"38","author":"KA Scalise","year":"2020","journal-title":"Min Metallurgy Exploration"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref020","first-page":"385","article-title":"Study on the effect of seasonal air-flow on high temperature environment in deep mines and its prevention technology","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Australian Mine Ventilation Conference 2019","author":"X Yi","year":"2019"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0349721.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.3390\/en12214074","article-title":"Study of the influence of ventilation pipeline setting on cooling effects in high-temperature mines","volume":"12","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref022","volume-title":"Assessing thermal comfort in deep underground mines","author":"MN Sunkpal","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349721.ref023","article-title":"Image-based quantitative probing of 3D heterogeneous pore structure in CBM reservoir and permeability estimation with pore network modeling","volume":"11","author":"P Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Coal Sci Technol"},{"issue":"47","key":"pone.0349721.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30227","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA05811A","article-title":"Evolution of methane permeability and fracture structure of coal: implications for methane extraction in deep coal seams","volume":"12","author":"W Ju","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0349721.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7842","DOI":"10.3390\/en15217842","article-title":"An experimental and numerical study of abrupt changes in coal permeability with gas flowing through fracture-pore structure","volume":"15","author":"L Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349721.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2024.11.056","article-title":"Data-driven predictive model of coal permeability based on microscopic fracture structure characterization","volume":"17","author":"T Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Rock Mech Geotech Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349721.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3390\/en18030699","article-title":"Gas content and gas occurrence mechanism of deep coal seams in the Shenfu-Linxing block","volume":"18","author":"L Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.136759","article-title":"A dynamic coupled model of coal body gas migration considering the effect of stress on gas diffusion","volume":"405","author":"X Nie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0349721.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1007\/s13202-024-01794-8","article-title":"New correlations to estimate the rough fracture permeability using computational fluid dynamics simulation","volume":"14","author":"F Valizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Petrol Explor Prod Technol"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9030484","article-title":"Permeability experiment of fractured rock with rough surfaces under different stress conditions","volume":"2020","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2024.103070","article-title":"A thermo-hydro-mechanical simulation on the impact of fracture network connectivity on the production performance of a multi-fracture enhanced geothermal system","volume":"122","author":"Z Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"issue":"09","key":"pone.0349721.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950065","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219876219500658","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of Cracking Process in Rock Mass Under the Coupled Thermo-Mechanical Condition","volume":"17","author":"X Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Comput Methods"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref033","article-title":"Coal-bed methane migration analysis and numerical model construction of fractured coal body based on multi-field coupling conditions","volume":"13","author":"Z Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Earth Sci"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.02.009","article-title":"Experimental research on the permeability of fractured-subsequently-filled granite under high temperature-high pressure and the application to HDR geothermal mining","volume":"153","author":"W Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"pone.0349721.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora CA, Wattenbarger RA, McKetta S. Comparison of Computation Methods for CBM Performance. In: Canadian International Petroleum Conference. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2118\/2007-066","DOI":"10.2118\/2007-066"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349721","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:23:45Z","timestamp":1788888225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349721"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Baohua","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0349721","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}