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Discs of 4YSZ (IPS e.max ZirCAD MT, Ivoclar AG; 15\u2009mm diameter, 1.2\u2009mm thickness) were prepared, subjected to CAD\/CAM milling simulation using #220 silicon carbide papers, and divided into 10 groups according to two factors: \u201cSurface Treatment\u201d \u2013 Control (CTRL, no treatment); air abrasion with 45 \u00b5m (AB45) or 110 \u00b5m (AB110) alumina oxide particles; and glaze either followed (GLZ\u2009+\u2009HF) or not (GLZ) by 10% hydrofluoric acid; and \u201cResin Cement Viscosity\u201d \u2013 High (H) or Low (L). The discs were treated, luted with resin cement, and subjected to two monotonic tests (n\u2009=\u20092) to determine fatigue parameters, followed by biaxial fatigue testing (n\u2009=\u200915; piston-on-three-balls; 20 Hz; 10,000 cycles; initial stress: 75\u2009MPa; increments of 25\u2009MPa). Topography, fractography, and surface roughness analyses were also performed. Surface treatment significantly influenced fatigue performance (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, F\u2009=\u200960.25), whereas resin cement viscosity and its interaction with surface treatment did not show significant effects (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05, F\u2009=\u20090.86; p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05, F\u2009=\u20090.07). The GLZ groups exhibited the highest flexural strength (H\/L-GLZ: 382\u2013396\u2009MPa), followed by intermediate values in CTRL (H\/L-CTRL:\u2009285\u2013288\u2009MPa), AB45 (H\/L-AB45: 310\u2013315\u2009MPa), and GLZ\u2009+\u2009HF (H\/L: 273\u2013280\u2009MPa), while AB110 groups presented the lowest strength (H\/L: 205\u2013210\u2009MPa). Surface roughness was lower for GLZ (Ra: 1.44 \u00b5m) and GLZ\u2009+\u2009HF (Ra: 1.38 \u00b5m) compared to AB45 (Ra: 1.83 \u00b5m) and AB110 (Ra: 1.69 \u00b5m). GLZ produced smooth and homogeneous surfaces, GLZ\u2009+\u2009HF led to areas partially exposed by acid, and AB110 caused more pronounced surface defects than AB45. Hence, the GLZ treatment offered superior fatigue performance; AB45 and GLZ\u2009+\u2009HF showed behavior similar to CTRL, whereas AB110 impaired mechanical performance. Resin cement viscosity had no significant influence on fatigue strength<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0349754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T17:34:06Z","timestamp":1779989646000},"page":"e0349754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biaxial strength under fatigue of 4YSZ: Surface treatment and resin cement viscosity effects"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"K\u00e9tlin Fagundes","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Cocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo Machado","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Kalil Rocha","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3218-8031","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cornelis Johannes","family":"Kleverlaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5412-3546","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Mendes","family":"Tribst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7203-6924","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luiz Felipe","family":"Valandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Cadore-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0349754.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2007.05.007","article-title":"State of the art of zirconia for dental applications","volume":"24","author":"I Denry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0349754.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-022-4242-6","article-title":"Ceramics overview","volume":"232","author":"R Giordano Ii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0349754.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.28.44","article-title":"A review of dental CAD\/CAM: current status and future perspectives from 20 years of experience","volume":"28","author":"T Miyazaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent Mater J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0349754.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(92)90602-7","article-title":"A review of the strength properties of dental ceramics","volume":"67","author":"SO Hondrum","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0349754.ref005","first-page":"369","article-title":"Three generations of zirconia: From veneered to monolithic. 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