{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:23:20Z","timestamp":1791843800261,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Harvard Center for the Study of World Religions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skilled interpersonal support and safety monitoring can enhance the therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds and reduce the potential for harm. In the anticipation of legalized psychedelic care, and the recognition of ongoing psychedelic use across a variety of contexts, numerous training programs have been established to educate psychedelic facilitators in supporting individuals who take psychedelics. However, psychedelic facilitation training in the US has not been well characterized, making it difficult to appraise the strengths, needs, and gaps in this emerging discipline, especially with regard to the development of competencies in spiritually responsive care. This project used a quality improvement approach to identify common priorities, practices, needs, and gaps in the emerging field of psychedelic facilitation training from the standpoint of 13 established and emerging training organizations from the US. Interviews were conducted with one or more representatives from each participating organization. Notes from these interviews, once confirmed by the interviewees, were synthesized to identify common practices, procedures, priorities, and gaps. Areas of focus among the programs included: careful selection of trainees and faculty; content emphases in instruction; addressing spiritual, existential, religious, and theological topics; and teaching strategies used in programs. Several gaps were also identified, pointing to the need for continuing education among program graduates, parity with other disciplines, and development of field standards in training facilitators. Psychedelic facilitation training is an evolving discipline. Training programs and trainees may benefit from greater collaboration, including ongoing exchange about best practices and adjustments to scientific, social, economic, and regulatory developments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0350037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:30:16Z","timestamp":1780075816000},"page":"e0350037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A landscape analysis of psychedelic facilitation training in the US"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0415-6411","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roman","family":"Palitsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2646-6682","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Breau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Gillis-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gosia","family":"Sklodowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"0","key":"pone.0350037.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"The epidemiology of psychedelic use among United States Military veterans","volume":"0","author":"AK Davis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350037.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.11.003","article-title":"The rise of psychedelic drug use associated with legalization\/decriminalization: an assessment with the nonmedical use of prescription drugs survey","volume":"83","author":"AA Monte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref003","article-title":"The rise of psilocybin use in the United States: a multisource observational study","author":"KM Rockhill","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010","article-title":"Classic psychedelics: an integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function","volume":"197","author":"MW Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0350037.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.1554","article-title":"Importance of integrating spiritual, existential, religious, and theological components in psychedelic-assisted therapies","volume":"80","author":"R Palitsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0000174-000","volume-title":"Relational spirituality in psychotherapy: healing suffering and promoting growth","author":"SJ Sandage","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00129","article-title":"The meaning-enhancing properties of psychedelics and their mediator role in psychedelic therapy, spirituality, and creativity","volume":"12","author":"I Hartogsohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref008","article-title":"Psychedelics, mystical experience, and therapeutic efficacy: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"K Ko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"32","key":"pone.0350037.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26372","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-06272-2","article-title":"Psychedelic experiences and long-term spiritual growth: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"WA Schutt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350037.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13249","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: a systematic review of modern-era clinical studies","volume":"143","author":"KAA Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.09.168","article-title":"Psychedelic therapy for depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"322","author":"K Ko","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref012","article-title":"Psychedelic-assisted treatment for substance use disorder: a narrative systematic review","author":"T Piper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref013","article-title":"On minimizing risk and harm in the use of psychedelics","author":"J Evans","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatr Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0350037.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811241265756","article-title":"A framework for assessment of adverse events occurring in psychedelic-assisted therapies","volume":"38","author":"R Palitsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0350037.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.2546","article-title":"Adverse events in studies of classic psychedelics: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"JT Hinkle","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350037.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15998","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41145-x","article-title":"Case analysis of long-term negative psychological responses to psychedelics","volume":"13","author":"R Bremler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0350037.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293349","article-title":"Extended difficulties following the use of psychedelic drugs: a mixed methods study","volume":"18","author":"J Evans","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref018","article-title":"Ethical and practical considerations for the use of psychedelics in psychiatry","author":"GS Barber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0350037.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108093587","article-title":"Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety","volume":"22","author":"M Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350037.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1037\/pst0000594","article-title":"Applying relational spirituality to develop spiritual and religious competencies in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy training","volume":"63","author":"R Palitsky","year":"2026","journal-title":"Psychotherapy (Chic)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350037.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1080\/10437797.2022.2045239","article-title":"Religion and spirituality in MSW programs\u2019 implicit and explicit curricula: a National Survey of Faculty","volume":"59","author":"HK Oxhandler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Social Work Education"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1037\/scp0000149","article-title":"Measuring religious and spiritual competence across helping professions: previous efforts and future directions","volume":"5","author":"HK Oxhandler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spiritual Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350037.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2024.76","article-title":"Is it now time to prepare psychiatry for a psychedelic future?","volume":"225","author":"D Nutt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0350037.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1177\/10783903231222930","article-title":"Psychedelics in psychiatry, the nursing influence, and the future of psychedelic therapies","volume":"30","author":"CJ Spotswood","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0350037.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546","article-title":"Preparing for the bursting of the psychedelic hype bubble","volume":"79","author":"DB Yaden","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref026","unstructured":"Blossom. Psychedelics courses - find your next psychedelic course. [cited 2025 May 31]. https:\/\/psychedelicscourses.com\/"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref027","unstructured":"Oregon Health Authority. Scope of Practice (SOP) for Oregon Psilocybin Facilitators. [cited 2023 Oct 1]. https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/PH\/PREVENTIONWELLNESS\/Documents\/Scope%20of%20Practice%20for%20Oregon%20Psilocybin%20Facilitators%20DRAFT.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref028","article-title":"Professional practice guidelines for psychedelic-assisted therapy","author":"A Back","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref029","volume-title":"Survey on psychedelic therapy curricula in Academia","author":"E Knepler","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350037.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296071","article-title":"Spiritual health practitioners\u2019 contributions to psychedelic assisted therapy: a qualitative analysis","volume":"19","author":"C Peacock","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref031","article-title":"Respecting autonomy in altered states: navigating ethical quandaries in psychedelic therapy","author":"H McLane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics Blog"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref032","first-page":"462","article-title":"The art of receiving and giving: the wheel of consent","author":"B Martin","journal-title":"Luminare Press"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350037.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/14779757.2018.1527243","article-title":"Reapproaching Rogers: a discursive examination of client-centered therapy","volume":"17","author":"PAE Velasquez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469559","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1469559","article-title":"My bad, you got this: witnessing, therapist attitude and the synergy between psychedelics and inner healing intelligence in the treatment of trauma","volume":"16","author":"L Fischman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350037.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20673","article-title":"So glad you came! Harm reduction therapy in community settings","volume":"66","author":"J Little","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref036","first-page":"1","article-title":"Set and setting for psychedelic harm reduction","author":"I Hartogsohn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350037.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.24972\/ijts.2008.27.1.46","article-title":"Brief history of transpersonal psychology","volume":"27","author":"S Grof","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Transpers Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350037.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.24972\/ijts.2017.36.2.30","article-title":"Spiritual emergency: the understanding and treatment of transpersonal crises","volume":"36","author":"C Grof","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Transpers Stud"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003167976-11","article-title":"Psychedelic-assisted internal family systems therapy","volume-title":"Integral Psychedelic Therapy","author":"RM Grant","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref040","article-title":"Holotropic breathwork, second edition: a new approach to self-exploration and therapy","author":"S Grof","year":"2023","journal-title":"SUNY Press"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077311","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1077311","article-title":"Psychedelic-induced mystical experiences: an interdisciplinary discussion and critique","volume":"14","author":"S Mosurinjohn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350037.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.61373\/pp025r.0008","article-title":"What motivates spiritual health practitioners in psychedelic-assisted therapy? A qualitative study and implications for facilitator training practices","volume":"1","author":"I Pasricha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychedelics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350037.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1556\/2054.2024.00431","article-title":"Experiential dimension of psilocybin-assisted therapy training: necessity or hindrance to wider accessibility?","volume":"9","author":"L Plourde","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Psychedelic Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0350037.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2024.2401982","article-title":"Personal psychedelic experience as a training qualification for facilitators: a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews with psilocybin experts","volume":"57","author":"A Wilson-Poe","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"9594","key":"pone.0350037.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61242-2","article-title":"Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action","volume":"370","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350037.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.61373\/pp024r.0025","article-title":"An estimate of the number of people with clinical depression eligible for psilocybin-assisted therapy in the United States","volume":"1","author":"SF Rab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychedelics"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref047","article-title":"Scaling psychedelic therapies in the health system","author":"B Traux","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brainfutures, Inc. | UC Berkeley Collaborative for the Economics of Psychedelics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350037.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-025-09596-3","article-title":"Mitigating ethical issues in training for psychedelic therapy","volume":"18","author":"C Poppe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350037.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00198","article-title":"Consciousness, religion, and gurus: pitfalls of psychedelic medicine","volume":"4","author":"MW Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0350037.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216315600912","article-title":"Doctors discussing religion and spirituality: a systematic literature review","volume":"30","author":"M Best","year":"2016","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0350037.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252750","article-title":"Attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of religiosity, spirituality, and cultural competence in the medical profession: a cross-sectional survey study","volume":"16","author":"V Dillard","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0350037.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035218","article-title":"Attitudes toward spirituality\/religion among members of the association for behavioral and cognitive therapies","volume":"44","author":"DH Rosmarin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prof Psychol Res Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350037.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-007X.2010.tb00018.x","article-title":"The new ASERVIC competencies for addressing spiritual and religious issues in counseling","volume":"55","author":"CS Cashwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Counseling and Values"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350037.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1037\/scp0000149","article-title":"Measuring religious and spiritual competence across helping professions: previous efforts and future directions","volume":"5","author":"HK Oxhandler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spiritual Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350037.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000821","article-title":"Spiritual and religious competencies in psychology","volume":"77","author":"C Vieten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.887255","article-title":"Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy\u2014a systematic review of associated psychological interventions","volume":"13","author":"M Cavarra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350037.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/psymed.2024.0019","article-title":"A field-wide review and analysis of study materials used in psilocybin trials: assessment of two decades of research","volume":"3","author":"DB Yaden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychedelic Med (New Rochelle)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350037.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00333-X","article-title":"Quality of reporting on psychological interventions in psychedelic treatments: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"C Seybert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350231641","volume-title":"Philosophy and psychedelics: frameworks for exceptional experience","author":"C Hauskeller","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350037.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.24972\/ijts.2010.29.1.58","article-title":"Relational spirituality, part 2 the belief in others as a hindrance to enlightenment: narcissism and the denigration of relationship within transpersonal psychology and the new age","volume":"29","author":"G Lahood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Transpers Stud"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0350037.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-019-01253-0","article-title":"The role of religion for mindfulness-based interventions: implications for dissemination and implementation","volume":"12","author":"R Palitsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199341191.001.0001","volume-title":"Ayahuasca Shamanism in the Amazon and beyond","author":"BC Labate","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0350037.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/13634615221131465","article-title":"Cuture, context, and ethics in the therapeutic use of hallucinogens: psychedelics as active super placebos?","volume":"59","author":"D Dupuis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transcult Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref064","unstructured":"Board of Chaplaincy Certification Inc. Common Qualifications and Competencies for Professional Chaplains. 2017. https:\/\/www.apchaplains.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/2017-Common-Qualifications-and-Competencies-for-Professional-Chaplains.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref065","volume-title":"Taking care: monitoring power dynamics and relational boundaries in pastoral care and counseling","author":"C Doehring","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0350037.ref066","first-page":"222","article-title":"Education for professional chaplaincy in the US: mapping current practice in Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE)","volume":"27","author":"C Clevenger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Health Care Chaplain"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350037.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313602","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a compassion-centered spiritual health intervention to improve hospital inpatient outcomes","volume":"20","author":"JS Mascaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350037.ref068","first-page":"147","article-title":"Collaborating with chaplains to meet spiritual needs","volume":"15","author":"E McClung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medsurg Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0350037.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021074","article-title":"Psychological care for persons of diverse religions: a collaborative continuum","volume":"41","author":"G Milstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prof Psychol Res Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0350037.ref070","first-page":"238","article-title":"Mapping the healthcare chaplaincy workforce: a baseline description","volume":"27","author":"KB White","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Health Care Chaplain"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0350037.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181706856","article-title":"The provision of hospital chaplaincy in the United States: a national overview","volume":"101","author":"W Cadge","year":"2008","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0350037.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/scp0000364","article-title":"Promoting religious and spiritual competencies in clinical social work: considerations, potential barriers, and supports","volume":"11","author":"HK Oxhandler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spiritual Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350037.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1037\/pst0000408","article-title":"Religious microaggressions in psychotherapy: a mixed methods examination of client perspectives","volume":"59","author":"WT Trusty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychotherapy (Chic)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350037.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-020-01103-7","article-title":"The religious and spiritual needs of patients in the hospital setting do not depend on patient level of religious\/spiritual observance and should be initiated by healthcare providers","volume":"61","author":"I Gad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Relig Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0350037.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001164","article-title":"Understanding preferences for addressing spirituality among adults seeking outpatient mental health care","volume":"208","author":"JM Currier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350037.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2010.519326","article-title":"Older adults\u2019 preferences for religion\/spirituality in treatment for anxiety and depression","volume":"15","author":"MA Stanley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"0","key":"pone.0350037.ref077","first-page":"1","article-title":"The evaluation of religious and spirituality-based therapy compared to standard treatment in mental health care: a multi-level meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"0","author":"AJ Bouwhuis-Van Keulen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350037.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1037\/pst0000407","article-title":"Spiritually integrated psychotherapies in real-world clinical practice: synthesizing the literature to identify best practices and future research directions","volume":"59","author":"LE Captari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychotherapy (Chic)"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref079","volume-title":"Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: understanding and addressing the sacred","author":"KI Pargament","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0350037.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/28314425251393983","article-title":"Using insights from a study of psilocybin with clergy to advance research on psychedelics, spirituality, and the sacred: commentary on Griffiths et al. (2025)","volume":"3","author":"R Palitsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychedelic Med (New Rochelle)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350037.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00198","article-title":"Consciousness, religion, and gurus: pitfalls of psychedelic medicine","volume":"4","author":"MW Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190086961.001.0001","volume-title":"Mystifying Kabbalah: Academic scholarship, national theology, and new age spirituality","author":"B Huss","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref083","first-page":"11","article-title":"The rhetoric of experience and the study of religion","volume":"7","author":"RH Sharf","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Conscious Stud"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref084","volume-title":"Map is not territory: studies in the history of religions","author":"JZ Smith","year":"1993"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref085","volume-title":"Grave attending: a political theology for the unredeemed","author":"K Bray","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref086","article-title":"Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women\u2019s Liberation","author":"M Daly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Beacon Press"},{"key":"pone.0350037.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/09502380601162548","article-title":"On the coloniality of being: Contributions to the development of a concept","volume":"21","author":"N Maldonado-Torres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cultural Studies"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0350037","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:30:29Z","timestamp":1780075829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0350037"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Muhammad Zammad","family":"Aslam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0350037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]}}}