{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T18:04:20Z","timestamp":1780077860009,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vice Chancellor of Research of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences","award":["26692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26692"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of applying the following anticaries treatments on the surface microhardness (SMH) of irradiated enamel after pH-cycling: Nanohydroxyapatite (nano-HA), resin infiltration (RI), combination of nano-HA and RI, or curcumin-loaded mesoporous nano-silica (Cur\/MSN).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this in vitro experimental study, 30 sound molars were mesiodistally sectioned into two halves, yielding 60 enamel samples, and randomly divided into six groups (n\u2009=\u200910). Group 1 was kept as non-irradiated. The samples from the other five groups were subjected to fractionated X-ray radiation for 6 weeks, with a total dose of 60 Gy, delivered in 2 Gy fractions 5 days per week. After irradiation, each group was processed as follows: 2) no treatment; 3) treated with 15% nano-HA; 4) treated with RI; 5) treated with a combination of 15% nano-HA and RI; 6) treated with Cur\/MSN (3 mg\/ml). The initial SMH (SMH\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was measured after irradiation and the final (SMH\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) after anticaries treatments and pH cycling. pH cycling consisted of a 3-hour immersion in a demineralizing solution, followed by 21 hours in a remineralization solution at 37 \u00b0C for 5 days. The surface micromorphology of irradiated groups after pH-cycling was assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean [\u00b1SD] SMH\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      of irradiated enamel was significantly lower than that of the non-irradiated one (330.7\u2009\u00b1\u200923.6 vs 262.9\u2009\u00b1\u200928.8; P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Irradiated enamels treated with all anti-caries treatments showed a significantly higher SMH\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      compared to those of no-treatment (192.2\u2009\u00b1\u200928.7; all P\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). SMH\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      of Ir\/nano-HA (302.2\u2009\u00b1\u200916.4) or Ir\/nano-HA\u2009+\u2009RI (305.4\u2009\u00b1\u200922.1) groups were higher than those of Ir\/RI (245.5\u2009\u00b1\u200935.1; P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and not different from Ir\/Cur\/MSN group (285.9\u2009\u00b1\u200916.4; P\u2009=\u20090.638 and 0.435 respectively). The increase in SMH\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      compared to SMH\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\u0394SMH) was significant only in Ir\/nano-HA (39.0; P\u2009=\u20090.003) and Ir\/nano-HA\u2009+\u2009RI groups (42.9; P\u2009=\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment with nano-HA and a combination of nano-HA with RI demonstrated significant potential to improve the resistance of the irradiated enamel surface to acidic challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                  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