{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T18:08:50Z","timestamp":1780423730653,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. GZC20252171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. GZC20252171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 21BYY005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 21BYY005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Huang Beijia\u2019s contemporary Chinese novels\n                    <jats:italic>Wo Yao Zuo Hao Hai Zi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (a contemporary realistic children\u2019s novel, 1996) and\n                    <jats:italic>Ye Feng Fei Wu<\/jats:italic>\n                    (a historical novel for children, 2018), translated into English by Nicky Harman as\n                    <jats:italic>I Want to Be Good<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2020) and\n                    <jats:italic>Flight of the Bumblebee<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2023), offer valuable insights into translator\u2019s style in rendering Chinese children\u2019s literature for English readers. Building on Baker\u2019s (2000) translator\u2019s style in corpus-based translation studies (CTS) that manifests translator\u2019s recurrent patterns, this study investigates Harman\u2019s stylistic choices at the lexical, syntactic, and textual level to reveal how Chinese specific elements are represented for target readers. A self-built bilingual corpus (parallel and comparable; 398,531 words total) enables a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative metrics (such as keyword analysis, readability index by Qt Readability, etc.) with qualitative close reading. By analyzing typical translation examples and the para-texts of Harman\u2019s translated works, this study aims to explore the reasons behind Harman\u2019s translation style and the relationship between the translator\u2019s views on translation and translation choices. The results reveal the existence of a distinctive translator\u2019s style and show that vividness, purity and joy reflected in the original children\u2019s literature as the ST style has been reproduced in Harman\u2019s translation. A preference for contracted forms (\u2019s,\u2019ve, \u2019d, etc.) and more strategic and habitual use of certain collocations (such as the employment of \u201ckeep an eye on\u2026\u201d, \u201cas far as the eye could see\u201d, etc.), tentative efforts in balancing domestication and foreignization in the translation of Chinese four-character idioms, the multimodal interaction employed by Harman as her special consideration for the young readership, etc. have all contributed to Harman\u2019s translator\u2019s style in translating children\u2019s literature. These findings will contribute to the study of translator\u2019s style and deepen the research of the English translation and international dissemination of Chinese children\u2019s literature under the methodology of corpus-based research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0350245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:38:16Z","timestamp":1780421896000},"page":"e0350245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring translator\u2019s style in children\u2019s literature: A case study of Nicky Harman\u2019s English translations of Huang Beijia\u2019s two works"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7460-4172","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"He","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9119-4319","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongtao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0350245.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-47749-3","volume-title":"Ideological Manipulation of Children\u2019s Literature through Translation and Rewriting: Travelling across Times and Places","author":"V Leonardi","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref002","first-page":"123","article-title":"Character names in translation: A functional approach","volume-title":"Children\u2019s literature in translation: Challenges and strategies","author":"J. Van Coillie","year":"2006"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0350245.ref003","first-page":"579","article-title":"Exploring the nature of translation of names in children\u2019s literature","volume":"12","author":"D Tuna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electronic Turkish Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014467726005","article-title":"Why change names? On the translation of children\u2019s books","volume":"33","author":"A Yamazaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Lit Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref005","first-page":"97","article-title":"New perspectives on the re-creation of translation style in children\u2019s literature","volume":"39","author":"D Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Transl J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref006","first-page":"102","article-title":"On the style reproduction of wordplays in children\u2019s fantasy translation: A case study of the Chinese versions of Roald Dahl\u2019s works","volume":"41","author":"D Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shandong Foreign Lang Teach"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Translation and transformation: English-language children\u2019s literature in (Soviet) Russian guise","volume":"8","author":"J Inggs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Res Child Lit"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref008","first-page":"306","article-title":"Once upon a time in an occupied country","volume":"47","author":"V Joosen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arcadia"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref009","article-title":"Between censorship and propaganda: The translation and rewriting of children\u2019s literature during fascism","author":"C Sinibaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Warwick: University of Warwick"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref010","volume-title":"Translating for Children","author":"R Oittinen","year":"2000"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31261\/PN.3968","volume-title":"Humour and Translation in Children\u2019s Literature: A Cognitive Linguistic Approach","author":"D Klos","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref012","first-page":"271","article-title":"Assessing acceptability in translated children\u2019s books: The case of The Wizard of Oz","volume":"6","author":"T Puurtinen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Target"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref013","first-page":"109","article-title":"On style reconstruction in picture book translation","volume":"1","author":"D Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin Transl J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/13556509.2011.10799481","article-title":"Postcolonial polysystems perceptions of norms in the translation of children\u2019s literature in South Africa","volume":"17","author":"K Kruger","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Translator"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv17rvx8q.11","article-title":"Diversity can change the world: children\u2019s literature, translation and images of childhood","volume-title":"Children\u2019s Literature in Translation: Texts and Contexts","author":"J. Van Coillie","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref016","volume-title":"Cultural encounters in translated children\u2019s literature: Images of Australia in French translation","author":"HT Frank","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref017","volume-title":"Children\u2019s fiction in the hands of the translators","author":"G Klingberg","year":"1986"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref018","volume-title":"The Translation of Children\u2019s Literature: A Reader","author":"G Lathey","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1515\/ejss-2020-2007","article-title":"Little women travelling to scandinavia: The Reception of Louisa M. Alcott in Sweden, Denmark and Norway","volume":"50","author":"M Egeland","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Scandinavian Studies"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6083-1","volume-title":"Children\u2019s literature and transnational knowledge in modern China","author":"S Chen","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0350245.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1080\/0907676X.2025.2532530","article-title":"A sociological and paratextual study of literary translations by child translators","volume":"33","author":"X Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Perspectives"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203845233","volume-title":"The translation of children\u2019s literature: A reader","author":"G Lathey","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11116\/9789461663207","volume-title":"Children\u2019s literature in translation: Texts and contexts","author":"J Van Coillie","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s11059-024-00768-3","article-title":"From Bildungsroman to historical fiction: The genre variation of the translation of Bronze and Sunflower","volume":"51","author":"Z Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neohelicon"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440211068498","article-title":"Translating narrative space in children\u2019s fiction Bronze and Sunflower from Chinese to English","volume":"12","author":"M Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0350245.ref026","first-page":"88","article-title":"On translation and dissemination of Chinese children\u2019s literature in English-speaking countries: A case study on the English translation of Cao Wenxuan\u2019s Bronze and Sunflower","volume":"38","author":"H Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shandong Foreign Lang Teach"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10583-023-09539-7","article-title":"Gender representation in translation: Examining the reshaping of a female child\u2019s image in the English translation of the children\u2019s novel Bronze and Sunflower","volume":"56","author":"X Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Lit Educ"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10583-024-09585-9","article-title":"Translating humor for children in Beijia Huang\u2019s I want to be good","volume":"56","author":"S Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Lit Educ"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref029","volume-title":"Style in fiction","author":"G Leech","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781474413220","volume-title":"Corpus Stylistics: Theory and Practice","author":"D McIntyre","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/13556509.2011.10799478","article-title":"Translator style: Methodological considerations","volume":"17","author":"G Saldanha","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Translator"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1075\/target.12.2.04bak","article-title":"Towards a Methodology for Investigating the Style of a Literary Translator","volume":"12","author":"M Baker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Target"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1556\/Acr.5.2004.1.6","article-title":"Point of view in translation: A corpus-based study of french translations of virginia woolf\u2019s to the lighthouse","volume":"5","author":"C Bosseaux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Across Languages and Cultures"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350245.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.7202\/016728ar","article-title":"F. Scott Fitzgerald\u2019s Die Sch\u00f6nen und Verdammten: A Corpus-based Study of Speech-act Report Verbs as a Feature of Translators\u2019 Style","volume":"52","author":"M Winters","year":"2007","journal-title":"meta"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/0963947008099306","article-title":"Corpus stylistics in translation studies: Two modern Chinese translations of Don Quijote","volume":"18","author":"M Ji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lang Lit"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350245.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1075\/ijcl.20.3.04cer","article-title":"Repetition in John Irving\u2019s novel A Widow for One Year: A corpus stylistics approach to literary translation","volume":"20","author":"A Cerm\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Corpus Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5007\/2175-8026.2018v71n1p117","article-title":"Translating children\u2019s literature: Some insights from corpus stylistics","volume":"71","author":"A Cerm\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ilha do Desterro"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1075\/etc.10.1.05mas","article-title":"Key words and translated cohesion in Lovecraft\u2019s At the Mountains of Madness and one of its Italian translations","author":"L Mastropierro","year":"2022","journal-title":"ETC"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.7202\/1040468ar","article-title":"Corpus methodologies in literary translation studies: An analysis of speech verbs in four spanish translations of hard times","volume":"62","author":"P Ruano","year":"2017","journal-title":"meta"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5007\/2175-8026.2018v71n1p135","article-title":"Children\u2019s literature in\/and translation: The oeuvre as corpus","volume":"71","author":"K Malmkj\u00e6r","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ilha do Desterro"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref041","volume-title":"Corpus stylistics in heart of darkness and its italian translations","author":"L Mastropierro","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350245.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1075\/ijcl.19124.mas","article-title":"The translation of reporting verbs in Italian: The case of the Harry Potter series","volume":"25","author":"L Mastropierro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Corpus Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5007\/2175-8026.2018v71n1p151","article-title":"How children\u2019s literature is translated: Suggestions for stylistic research using parallel corpora","volume":"71","author":"M Toolan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ilha do Desterro"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350245.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1075\/babel.00099.che","article-title":"A corpus-based study on imagery and symbolism in Goldblatt\u2019s translation ofRed Sorghum","volume":"65","author":"M-L Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Babel"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034912","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1034912","article-title":"Using corpora to reveal style in translation: The case of The Song of Everlasting Sorrow","volume":"13","author":"L Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1075\/target.21.1.04win","article-title":"Modal particles explained: How modal particles creep into translations and reveal translators\u2019 styles","volume":"21","author":"M Winters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Target"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqr001","article-title":"Translation Style and Ideology: A Corpus-assisted Analysis of two English Translations of Hongloumeng","volume":"26","author":"D Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Literary and Linguistic Computing"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45566-1","volume-title":"Style in Translation: A Corpus-based Perspective","author":"L Huang","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48218-6","volume-title":"Introducing corpus-based translation studies","author":"K Hu","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1075\/target.17040.mas","article-title":"Key clusters as indicators of translator style","volume":"30","author":"L Mastropierro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Target"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref051","volume-title":"Language in Literature: Style and Foregrounding","author":"G Leech","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref052","first-page":"70","article-title":"A corpus stylistic exploration of translators\u2019 functional styles","author":"D Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foreign Lang Teach"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref053","first-page":"72","article-title":"A corpus-based analysis of Howard Goldblatt\u2019s translator style: A case study of the English translations of Mo Yan\u2019s novels","author":"Y Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foreign Lang Their Teach"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5007\/2175-8026.2018v71n1p53","article-title":"Verbal and verbal-visual logico-semantic relations in picturebooks: An English-Portuguese parallel corpus study","volume":"71","author":"AS Pagano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ilha do Desterro"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/0907676X.2017.1359324","article-title":"Discourse and ideology in translated children\u2019s literature: A comparative study","volume":"26","author":"T Kaniklidou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspectives"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/09639470211072163","article-title":"A style for every age: A stylometric inquiry into crosswriters for children, adolescents and adults","volume":"31","author":"W Haverals","year":"2022","journal-title":"Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref057","article-title":"Style of translation: An exploration of stylistic patterns in the translations of Margaret Jull Costa and Peter Bush","author":"G Saldanha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dublin: Dublin City University"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.7202\/1006185ar","article-title":"Emphatic italics in English translations: Stylistic failure or motivated stylistic resources?","volume":"56","author":"G Saldanha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meta"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1075\/target.15.1.04olo","article-title":"How frequent are the contractions? A study of contracted forms in the translational English corpus","volume":"15","author":"M Olohan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Target"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203640005","volume-title":"Introducing corpora in translation studies","author":"M Olohan","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref061","first-page":"237","article-title":"Style of translation: The use of foreign words in translations by Margaret Jull Costa and Peter Bush","volume-title":"Corpus-based translation studies: Research and applications","author":"G. Saldanha","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref062","first-page":"43","article-title":"Corpus-based translation studies: A quantitative or qualitative development","volume":"9","author":"D Kenny","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Translation Studies"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref063","first-page":"95","author":"G. Saldanha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633422","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.633422","article-title":"Translator\u2019s style through lexical bundles: A corpus-driven analysis of two english translations of hongloumeng","volume":"12","author":"K Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350245.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.7202\/1025051ar","article-title":"A corpus-based study of nominalization as a feature of Translator\u2019s Style (Based on the English Versions of Hong Lou Meng)","volume":"58","author":"Y Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meta"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350245.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/14781700.2020.1732230","article-title":"Jowett\u2019s Thucydides: A corpus-based analysis of translation as political intervention","volume":"13","author":"H Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1075\/target.19082.jon","article-title":"Retranslating Thucydides as a scientific historian: A corpus-based analysis","volume":"32","author":"H Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Target"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003291169-5","article-title":"Children\u2019s literature translation and corpus stylistics","author":"K Malmkj\u00e6r","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Young Audiences. Routledge"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38117-2","volume-title":"English Translations of Korczak\u2019s Children\u2019s Fiction","author":"M Borodo","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0350245.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2307\/1772495","article-title":"Translation of Children\u2019s literature as a function of its position in the literary polysystem","volume":"2","author":"Z Shavit","year":"1981","journal-title":"Poetics Today"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0350245.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.7202\/003879ar","article-title":"Syntax, Readability and Ideology in Children\u2019s Literature","volume":"43","author":"T Puurtinen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004485907","volume-title":"Corpus-based translation studies: theory, findings, applications","author":"S Laviosa","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781474413220","volume-title":"Corpus stylistics","author":"D McIntyre","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref074","volume-title":"Corpus-based translation studies: research and applications","author":"A Kruger","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3726\/978-3-0353-0014-7","volume-title":"Phraseology in Corpus-based Translation Studies","author":"M Ji","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315759661","volume-title":"Translation-driven corpora: Corpus resources for descriptive and applied translation studies","author":"F Zanettin","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350143289","volume-title":"Extending the Scope of Corpus-based Translation Studies","author":"S Granger","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqr039","article-title":"Looking for translator\u2019s fingerprints: A corpus-based study on Chinese translations of Ulysses","volume":"27","author":"Q Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Literary and Linguistic Computing"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref079","volume-title":"Translating Children\u2019s Literature","author":"G Lathey","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref080","article-title":"Derivation of new readability formulas (automated readability index, fog count and Flesch reading ease formula) for Navy enlisted personnel. 8\u201375","author":"J Kincaid","year":"1975","journal-title":"Naval Air Station Memphis: Chief of Naval Training"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref081","first-page":"47","article-title":"Investigating the language of translation: A corpus-based approach","volume-title":"Pathways of Translation Studies","author":"M. Baker","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1556\/Acr.1.2000.2.1","article-title":"Reporting that in translated English: Evidence for subconscious processes of explicitation?","volume":"1","author":"M Baker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Across Languages and Cultures"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref083","article-title":"A corpus-based study of translator style: Oeser\u2019s and Orth-Guttmann\u2019s German translations of F. Scott Fitzgerald\u2019s The Beautiful and Damned","author":"M Winters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dublin: Dublin City University"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref084","volume-title":"Wordsmith Tools version 8 (64 bit version)","author":"M Scott","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40607-014-0009-9","article-title":"The Sketch Engine: Ten years on","volume":"1","author":"A Kilgarriff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lexicography"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108525695.007","article-title":"Leveraging large corpora for translation using Sketch Engine","volume-title":"Advances in empirical translation studies: Developing translation resources and technologies","author":"S Moze","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108525695","volume-title":"Advances in empirical translation studies: Developing translation resources and technologies","author":"M Ji","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref088","first-page":"3968","article-title":"Measures of lexical richness","volume-title":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","author":"D Malvern","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref089","first-page":"27","article-title":"Lexical density: A technique and some findings","volume-title":"Talking about text: Studies presented to David Brazil on his retirement","author":"M. Stubbs","year":"1986"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1075\/target.7.2.03bak","article-title":"Corpora in Translation Studies: An Overview and Some Suggestions for Future Research","volume":"7","author":"M Baker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Target"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref091","first-page":"443","article-title":"Lexical density and register differentiation","volume-title":"Applications of linguistics","author":"J. Ure","year":"1971"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref092","volume-title":"Text and corpus analysis","author":"M Stubbs","year":"1996"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref093","unstructured":"Pittaway S. Week three: Language features. 2003. http:\/\/www.mylo.utas.edu.au"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref094","volume-title":"Flight of the Bumblebee","author":"B Huang","year":"2023"},{"issue":"0","key":"pone.0350245.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5774\/45-0-198","article-title":"Levelling-out and register variation in the translations of experienced and inexperienced translators: A corpus-based study","volume":"45","author":"K Redelinghuys","year":"2016","journal-title":"SPIL"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref096","volume-title":"Wo yao zuo hao hai zi","author":"B Huang","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref097","volume-title":"I want to be good","author":"B Huang","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref098","volume-title":"The translator\u2019s invisibility: A history of translation","author":"L Venuti","year":"1995"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref099","volume-title":"Approaches to Translation","author":"P Newmark","year":"1995"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1075\/btl.4","volume-title":"Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond","author":"G Toury","year":"1995"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref101","unstructured":"Aart G, Harman N. Translation as self-expression: Nicky Harman. Cerise Press. http:\/\/www.cerisepress.com\/03\/09\/translation-as-self-expression-nicky-harman\/view-all. 2012. Accessed 2024 December 1."},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref102","first-page":"306","article-title":"Universals","volume-title":"Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies","author":"S. Laviosa","year":"2008","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref103","first-page":"107","article-title":"The position of translated literature within the literary polysystem","volume-title":"Translation across cultures","author":"I. Even-Zohar","year":"1987"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref104","unstructured":"Harman N. Discovering Chinese culture through our China stories: Chinese literature translator Nicky Harman (Episode 4). https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/fnHLEeEc51MCd3jiP3gc3w. 2022. Accessed 2024 December 3."},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref105","volume-title":"Literacy: Reading, writing and children\u2019s literature","author":"G Winch","year":"2010","edition":"4"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref106","volume-title":"Text analysis in translation: Theory, methodology, and didactic application of a model for translation-oriented text analysis","author":"C Nord","year":"1991"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350245.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/13556509.2001.10799100","article-title":"Loyalty revisited: Bible translation as a case in point","volume":"7","author":"C Nord","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Translator"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref108","volume-title":"Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation","author":"S Bassnett","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350245.ref109","first-page":"131","article-title":"Translation is the art of communication and compromise: An interview with British sinologist Nicky Harman","volume":"46","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chinese Translators Journal"},{"key":"pone.0350245.ref110","unstructured":"Harman N. Bringing China story of good child to the UK: A dialogue with British translator Nicky Harman on resonance between Chinese and British youth. The Chinese Weekly. https:\/\/k.sina.com.cn\/article_1899424765_7136ebfd0190172n5.html. 2022. Accessed 2024 December 1."}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0350245","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:38:37Z","timestamp":1780421917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0350245"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dawit","family":"Dibekulu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0350245","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}}}