{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T17:53:51Z","timestamp":1782150831150,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP25K03151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25K03151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP25K03151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25K03151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP25K03151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25K03151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Investigating the psychological and cognitive mechanisms of eating living beings is important for understanding ethical judgments and decision-making in eating behaviors. For example, the meat paradox describes a conflict about harming animals for food. In addition, perceiving a mind in a target has been shown to influence ethical judgment. However, experimentally investigating such food-related ethical themes is difficult, particularly when using actual animals, due to ethical constraints. Therefore, this study proposes an experimental framework using edible agents. Previous research developed a movable edible robot and examined the psychological and cognitive effects of eating moving food. Building on this, we developed an edible agent capable of social interaction through vocalization and evaluated its psychological effects. We examined how people perceive the minds of edible agents with different vocalization types and behaviors, and how this perception influences reluctance to eat and guilt. In the experiment, participants (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20091,094) viewed two videos in which edible agents exhibited different vocalizations and movements and evaluated their impressions. Factor analysis of 18 mind-perception items extracted two factors\u2014Agency and Experience\u2014with a cumulative contribution of 57.8% (\n \n \n \n \n \n \u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.941<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and 0.862, respectively). Agency scores were significantly higher in Video 1 than in Video 2 (\n W<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009481,686,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001,\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.800), whereas Experience scores were higher in Video 2 (\n W<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200975,619,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001,\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.717). Reluctance to eat differed significantly (\n W<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200932,018,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001,\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.270), whereas guilt showed no significant difference (\n W<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200923,369,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.103,\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.108). However, no significant relationship was observed between mind perception and either reluctance to eat or guilt. This study provides new insights into social interactions between humans and edible artificial objects, highlighting the potential of edible agents to deepen understanding of food culture and its ethical dimensions.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0350612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T17:41:27Z","timestamp":1782150087000},"page":"e0350612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Edible agents with perceptible minds: A psychological study of human perception in human\u2013food interaction"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1584-6611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takuma","family":"Shimoyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Kume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8499-2419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mei","family":"Yamagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2102-9358","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Nakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10170","key":"pone.0350612.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","article-title":"Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems","volume":"393","author":"W Willett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0350612.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13101534","article-title":"Determinants of Consumers\u2019 Acceptance and Adoption of Novel Food in View of More Resilient and Sustainable Food Systems in the EU: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"13","author":"M Laureati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350612.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.05.043","article-title":"The role of meat consumption in the denial of moral status and mind to meat animals","volume":"55","author":"S Loughnan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350612.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.1.23","article-title":"A perspective on disgust","volume":"94","author":"P Rozin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350612.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6663(92)90014-W","article-title":"Development of a scale to measure the trait of food neophobia in humans","volume":"19","author":"P Pliner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350612.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/jcpy.1316","article-title":"\u201cOuch!\u201d When and why food anthropomorphism negatively affects consumption","volume":"33","author":"R Schroll","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Consum Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0350612.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2016.05.003","article-title":"The influence of product preparation, familiarity and individual traits on the consumer acceptance of insects as food","volume":"52","author":"HSG Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Quality and Preference"},{"issue":"5812","key":"pone.0350612.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1134475","article-title":"Dimensions of Mind Perception","volume":"315","author":"HM Gray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350612.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167211424291","article-title":"Don\u2019t mind meat? 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