{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:07:52Z","timestamp":1789150072863,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-00716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004348","name":"Stockholms L\u00e4ns Landsting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20170688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20170688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009535","name":"Systembolaget","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FO-2016-0042; 2017-0045; FO-2018-0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO-2016-0042; 2017-0045; FO-2018-0080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009535","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Executive functions (EF) encompass abilities such as planning, decision-making, and inhibitory control, critical for learning, establishing and maintaining behavioral change. The association between alcohol use disorder (AUD) and impairments in EF are well established. However, prior research is dominated by studies on convenience samples including individuals with severe AUD with high levels of psychiatric comorbidity, which limits generalizability. The present study therefore aimed to investigate the degree of impairment and predictive ability of EF, on alcohol consumption, among individuals with moderate AUD with low levels of psychiatric comorbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adults with moderate AUD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009147) were recruited at three specialized addiction outpatient clinics in Stockholm, to a randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of two psychological treatments. Participants underwent neuropsychological testing before treatment. Eight tests from the CANTAB\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      battery were administered at baseline, assessing mental flexibility, sustained attention, visuospatial working memory, response inhibition, and delay discounting. Assessments of alcohol use and related symptoms were conducted at baseline, the 12- and 26-weeks follow-up. A non-clinical reference sample (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200972) completed corresponding CANTAB\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      tests. The two groups were compared regarding EF using descriptive statistics and\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests, and the predictive value of EF for reduction in alcohol consumption, was investigated using multiple regression models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Individuals with AUD did not perform worse on any of the tests on executive function (CANTAB\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) as compared to the non-clinical reference sample. Measures of EF were not significant predictors for reduction in alcohol use for the 12-week, or the 26-week follow-up.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EFs were not impaired and were not a clinically relevant predictor of treatment outcomes in this population with AUD. Future research on EF as a predictor in AUD treatment, needs to corroborate the present findings, and include other populations, e.g., with different socio-economic backgrounds and by including other methodologies for measuring EF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0350955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:25:19Z","timestamp":1789147519000},"page":"e0350955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Executive function in alcohol use disorder with low psychiatric comorbidity: Comparison with a non-clinical sample and predictive value for treatment outcome"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2425-0891","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stina","family":"Ingesson-Hammarberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services","place":["Region Stockholm, Sweden"],"department":["Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria \u00c5.","family":"Garke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services","place":["Region Stockholm, Sweden"],"department":["Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotfi","family":"Khemiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services","place":["Region Stockholm, Sweden"],"department":["Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience"]},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"],"department":["Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Hammarberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services","place":["Region Stockholm, Sweden"],"department":["Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitya","family":"Jayaram-Lindstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services","place":["Region Stockholm, Sweden"],"department":["Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0350955.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13757","article-title":"The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease-an update","volume":"112","author":"J Rehm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pone.0350955.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350955.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acy106","article-title":"Widespread Cognitive Deficits in Alcoholism Persistent Following Prolonged Abstinence: An Updated Meta-analysis of Studies That Used Standardised Neuropsychological Assessment Tools","volume":"35","author":"SF Crowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"pone.0350955.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.030","article-title":"Impact of general cognition and executive function deficits on addiction treatment outcomes: Systematic review and discussion of neurocognitive pathways","volume":"71","author":"S Dom\u00ednguez-Salas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0350955.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13431","article-title":"Executive Functions, Memory, and Social Cognitive Deficits and Recovery in Chronic Alcoholism: A Critical Review to Inform Future Research","volume":"41","author":"A-P Le Berre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350955.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2013-0054","article-title":"Cognitive control in alcohol use disorder: deficits and clinical relevance","volume":"25","author":"CE Wilcox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0350955.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/36.5.357","article-title":"Frontal lobe changes in alcoholism: a review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"HF Moselhy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0350955.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00162.x","article-title":"Executive function and memory in relation to olfactory deficits in alcohol-dependent patients","volume":"30","author":"CI Rupp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350955.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1206113","article-title":"Meta-analyses of clinical neuropsychological tests of executive dysfunction and impulsivity in alcohol use disorder","volume":"43","author":"RA Stephan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350955.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1645-x","article-title":"Impulsivity and response inhibition in alcohol dependence and problem gambling","volume":"207","author":"AJ Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0350955.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/ap.12071","article-title":"The relationship between neuropsychological functioning and mental health outcomes of chronic alcohol users involved in counselling: Prediction of treatment outcome","volume":"49","author":"M Desfosses","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350955.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12924","article-title":"Impulsivity and alcohol dependence treatment completion: is there a neurocognitive risk factor at treatment entry?","volume":"40","author":"CI Rupp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350955.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2019.21.3\/gdom","article-title":"Cognition and addiction","volume":"21","author":"A Verdejo-Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350955.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2689-x","article-title":"Are executive function and impulsivity antipodes? A conceptual reconstruction with special reference to addiction","volume":"221","author":"WK Bickel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0350955.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1783","article-title":"Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity","volume":"158","author":"FG Moeller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0350955.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108665","article-title":"The phenotype of recovery VII: Delay discounting mediates the relationship between time in recovery and recovery progress","volume":"136","author":"WH Craft","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350955.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.01.008","article-title":"Impulsivity as a vulnerability factor for poor addiction treatment outcomes: a review of neurocognitive findings among individuals with substance use disorders","volume":"47","author":"L Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350955.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3922\/j.psns.2012.2.03","article-title":"Delay discounting: concepts and measures","volume":"5","author":"A da Matta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0350955.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00185.x","article-title":"Cognitive performance in long-term abstinent alcoholic individuals","volume":"30","author":"G Fein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0350955.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02533.x","article-title":"Problem gamblers share deficits in impulsive decision-making with alcohol-dependent individuals","volume":"104","author":"AJ Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0350955.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01306.x","article-title":"Cognitive performance in treatment-na\u00efve active alcoholics","volume":"34","author":"S Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350955.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16325","article-title":"Behavioural self-control training versus motivational enhancement therapy for individuals with alcohol use disorder with a goal of controlled drinking: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"SI Hammarberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0350955.ref023","first-page":"399","article-title":"Computerized assessment in neuropsychiatry using CANTAB: discussion paper","volume":"85","author":"BJ Sahakian","year":"1992","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350955.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14813","article-title":"Association of parental substance use disorder with offspring cognition: a population family-based study","volume":"115","author":"L Khemiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0350955.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8","article-title":"The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI","volume":"12","author":"Y Lecrubier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350955.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002892","article-title":"The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population","volume":"35","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0350955.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3","article-title":"Timeline follow-back: A technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption","volume-title":"Measuring alcohol consumption: Psychosocial and biochemical methods","author":"LC Sobell","year":"1992"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0350955.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption--II","volume":"88","author":"JB Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pone.0350955.ref029","volume-title":"\u00c5ter till kontrollerat drickande- en handbok f\u00f6r kliniker","author":"A Hammarberg","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0350955.ref030","volume-title":"Controlling your drinking: Tools to make moderation work for you","author":"WR Miller","year":"2013","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0350955.ref031","unstructured":"Hammarberg A, Forsberg L, Andr\u00e9asson S, Johansson M, \u00d6jehagen A. Motivationsh\u00f6jande behandling (MET). http:\/\/dok.slso.sll.se\/BeroendeC\/Alkohol\/manual_motivationshojande_behandling_met.pdf. 2014. Accessed 2024 November 1."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0350955.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb05219.x","article-title":"Project MATCH: Rationale and Methods for a Multisite Clinical Trial Matching Patients to Alcoholism Treatment","volume":"17","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"pone.0350955.ref033","unstructured":"33.R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/. 2024."},{"key":"pone.0350955.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530","article-title":"Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world","volume":"60","author":"JW Graham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0350955.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","article-title":"Mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"S Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"pone.0350955.ref036","first-page":"1165","article-title":"The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0350955.ref037","first-page":"125","article-title":"Alcoholism and the brain: an overview","volume":"27","author":"M Oscar-Berman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"issue":"7516","key":"pone.0350955.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7516.541","article-title":"Effectiveness of treatment for alcohol problems: findings of the randomised UK alcohol treatment trial (UKATT)","volume":"331","author":"Team UKATT Research","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350955.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1997.58.7","article-title":"Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity: Project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes","volume":"58","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0350955.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0584","article-title":"Epidemiology of DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III","volume":"72","author":"BF Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0350955.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2015.02.005","article-title":"The relationship between intelligence and academic achievement throughout middle school: The role of students\u2019 prior academic performance","volume":"41","author":"DL Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Learn Individ Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0350955.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2012.10.001","article-title":"Severity of alcohol dependence in the Swedish adult population: association with consumption and social factors","volume":"47","author":"S Andr\u00e9asson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0350955.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14192","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of past-year recovery from DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: Results from national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions-III","volume":"43","author":"AZ Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0350955","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:25:28Z","timestamp":1789147528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0350955"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Shivanand","family":"Kattimani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research","place":["INDIA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0350955","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}}}