{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T18:00:48Z","timestamp":1781028048665,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003243","name":"Ministerstvo Zdravotnictv\u00c3 Cesk\u00c3\u00a9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FNBr, 65269705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FNBr, 65269705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The study compared the effects of three different heat stress conditions on the psycho-physiological responses and locomotor demands of young players in different small-sided soccer games (SSGs). Sixteen soccer players (age: 16.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 years) performed 2-a-side and 4-a-side SSGs under three environmental heat stress conditions: low environmental heat (LEH) \u2264 23.9\u00b0C, moderate environmental heat (MEH) 24.0\u201327.9\u00b0C, and high environmental heat (HEH) 28.0\u201332.9\u00b0C. Players\u2019 heart rate (HR) responses and total distance covered (TDC) were continuously monitored for all SSGs; the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and visual analog scale (VAS) were used after each bout. Tympanic temperature (TT) was recorded daily before and after the SSGs. The results demonstrated that for both 2-a-side and 4-a-side SSGs, significant main effects of temperature were observed for HR, %HR\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    , RPE, and VAS responses (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), indicating progressively increased cardiovascular strain and perceptual load under higher heat stress conditions. In contrast, no significant main effects of temperature were found for TDC and TT responses in either game format. Interaction analyses revealed significant temperature\u2009\u00d7\u2009bout effects for most psychophysiological variables in both SSG formats, including HR, %HR\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    , RPE, and VAS responses (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), suggesting that responses to heat stress varied across repeated bouts. However, no significant interaction effects were observed for TDC or TT in the 4-a-side SSGs, while only limited interaction effects emerged for TDC in the 2-a-side SSGs format. Overall, the findings indicate that heat stress substantially amplifies cardiovascular and perceptual responses during SSGs, with effects modulated by game format and bout structure. In contrast, TDC and TT appear less sensitive to these conditions. Coaches may use this evidence to manage players\u2019 internal and external load and optimize their team\u2019s performance across various heat-stress conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0351116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T17:23:33Z","timestamp":1781025813000},"page":"e0351116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can heat stress affect the psychophysiological responses and locomotor demands of young soccer players during small-sided soccer games?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2933-6937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ersan","family":"Arslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Soylu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3846-2457","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Osman","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bulent","family":"Kilit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neslihan","family":"Ak\u00e7ay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Radziminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2147-1541","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ladislav","family":"Batalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0351116.ref001","article-title":"Training and playing football in hot environments","author":"J Dvorak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0351116.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276314","article-title":"Responses of soccer players performing repeated maximal efforts in simulated conditions of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022: A holistic approach","volume":"17","author":"P Chmura","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0351116.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17028","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192417028","article-title":"Lactate Threshold and Psychomotor Fatigue Threshold in Hot Conditions: Suggestions for Soccer Players Participating in the Qatar World Cup 2022","volume":"19","author":"M Konefa\u0142","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0351116.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206088","article-title":"Seasonal weather conditions affect training program efficiency and physical performance among special forces trainees: A long-term follow-up study","volume":"13","author":"W Dhahbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0351116.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00554.x","article-title":"Performance in the heat-physiological factors of importance for hyperthermia-induced fatigue","volume":"4","author":"L Nybo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0351116.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039202","article-title":"Physiological responses and physical performance during football in the heat","volume":"7","author":"M Mohr","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351116.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2017.1356427","article-title":"Sports and environmental temperature: From warming-up to heating-up","volume":"4","author":"S Racinais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Temperature (Austin)"},{"key":"pone.0351116.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neves EB, Vila\u00e7a-Alves J, Antunes N, Felisberto IM, Rosa C, Reis VM. 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