{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:05:07Z","timestamp":1787069107883,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[INV-030857]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[INV-030857]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Burkina Faso, typhoid fever remains a major public health concern, particularly among children under 15. In January 2025, a nationwide campaign introduced the typhoid conjugate vaccine targeting children aged 9 months to 14 years. This study aimed to estimate the cost of typhoid conjugate vaccine delivery during the national campaign and to identify the main cost drivers across different administrative levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional costing study using a microcosting approach from the perspective of the Ministry of Health. We collected data from fifty health facilities, eight health districts, five health regions, and the national level. Financial and economic costs were estimated for each level, excluding vaccine and syringe costs. All costs were converted to 2024 USD using the official exchange rate. Parameter uncertainty was explored through one-way sensitivity analysis on key assumptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccinators administered a total of 10.5 million typhoid conjugate vaccine doses. The average financial cost per dose was $0.47 (95% CI: $0.39\u2013$0.51), and the economic cost was $2.16 (95% CI: $1.71\u2013$2.56). Human resources and per diem payments were the main contributors to costs. Costs varied by geography, delivery strategy, and security context, with higher costs observed in rural and conflict-affected areas. The mobile\u2013temporary posts strategy had the highest economic cost per dose ($2.02; 95% CI: $1.64\u2013$2.40), while the fixed strategy had the highest financial cost per dose ($0.41; 95% CI: ($0.32\u2013$0.49). Sensitivity analyses indicated robust cost estimates, with volunteer time valuation having the greatest influence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The financial cost per dose remained within Gavi\u2019s operational support range. The observed cost variations highlight the need for targeted funding and enhanced logistical support to ensure equitable access, particularly in rural and insecure areas. This study provides evidence to inform future vaccination campaigns and supports decision-making for typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction in other countries in the region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0351148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:26:42Z","timestamp":1781112402000},"page":"e0351148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cost analysis of a nationwide typhoid conjugate vaccine campaign in Burkina Faso"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2628-5983","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Koulidiati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Zoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric I.","family":"Nebi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumaila","family":"Yameogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Neya Ouedraogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00ebl Arthur","family":"Kiendr\u00e9b\u00e9ogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3027-2838","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Debellut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351148.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11223-8","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever from 1990 to 2021 and the impact on prevention and control","volume":"25","author":"G Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0351148.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0351148.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment","volume":"2","author":"V Mogasale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351148.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30022-0","article-title":"Incidence of invasive salmonella disease in sub-Saharan Africa: A multicentre population-based surveillance study","volume":"5","author":"F Marks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0351148.ref005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Suspected triple outbreak of typhoid fever, shigellosis, and cholera \u2013 Congo. Disease Outbreak News. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2023-DON488. 2023."},{"key":"pone.0351148.ref006","unstructured":"Gavi the VA. Product information for vaccines and cold chain equipment. https:\/\/www.gavi.org\/news\/document-library\/detailed-product-profiles. Accessed 2023 October 1."},{"key":"pone.0351148.ref007","unstructured":"International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC). VIEW-hub. https:\/\/www.view-hub.org"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0351148.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00007-X","article-title":"Incidence of typhoid fever in Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria (the Severe Typhoid in Africa programme): a population-based study","volume":"12","author":"F Marks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0351148.ref009","unstructured":"Gavi. 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Burkina Faso. 2024. https:\/\/www.sante.gov.bf\/fileadmin\/bfa_strategie_nationale_de_sante_communautaire_2024-2028.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0351148.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/62746","article-title":"The costs of digital health interventions to improve immunization data in low- and middle-income countries: Multicountry mixed methods study","volume":"27","author":"C Federici","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0351148","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:26:52Z","timestamp":1781112412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0351148"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Leonard Ighodalo","family":"Uzairue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0351148","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]}}}