{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:58:27Z","timestamp":1781287107061,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to identify baseline prognostic factors associated with visual field (VF) recovery in patients with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). This retrospective study included 38 patients (41 eyes) diagnosed with NAION. VF recovery was defined as an improvement of \u22653 dB in mean deviation (MD) at 3 months. Baseline demographic characteristics, systemic vascular risk factors, visual function tests, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) were analyzed. Eleven eyes (26.8%) were classified as the recovery group. Compared with the non-recovery group, the recovery group had significantly better baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (P\u2009=\u20090.034) and lower glycated hemoglobin levels (P\u2009=\u20090.033). Baseline VF impairment was significantly less severe in the recovery group, with higher MD (P\u2009=\u20090.049) and visual field index (VFI) values (P\u2009=\u20090.014). No significant association was observed between topical eye drop treatment, including brimonidine and netarsudil, and visual field recovery (p\u2009=\u20090.723). Baseline BCVA strongly correlated with BCVA at 1, 3, and 6 months (all P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that better baseline MD (P\u2009=\u20090.041) and higher VFI (P\u2009=\u20090.036) were independently associated with VF recovery. However, RNFL thickness measured at initial visit by OCT did not reliably predict recovery. These findings highlight that baseline functional status remain as the most important predictor of visual field recovery in NAION.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0351219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:30:50Z","timestamp":1781285450000},"page":"e0351219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prognostic factors associated with visual field recovery in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Heejin","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9693-2993","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Su-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangwoo","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JungHyo","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Hwan","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0351219.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1554","article-title":"Visual field abnormalities in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: their pattern and prevalence at initial examination","volume":"123","author":"SS Hayreh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351219.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.11.002","article-title":"Ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"28","author":"SS Hayreh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"pone.0351219.ref003","volume-title":"Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","author":"K Kaur","year":"2026","edition":"1"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351219.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02716-4","article-title":"NAION or not NAION? A literature review of pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of anterior ischaemic optic neuropathies","volume":"38","author":"MP Martin-Gutierrez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0351219.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.05.027","article-title":"Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: natural history of visual outcome","volume":"115","author":"SS Hayreh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0351219.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052718","article-title":"Efficacy of treatments in nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"K Lantos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351219.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.144","article-title":"Current concepts in the diagnosis, pathogenesis and management of nonarteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy","volume":"29","author":"NR Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0351219.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1413352","article-title":"Ischemic optic neuropathies","volume":"372","author":"V Biousse","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0351219.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.199","article-title":"Pathogenesis of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"127","author":"SS Hayreh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0351219.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.6.793","article-title":"Ischemic optic neuropathy decompression trial: twenty-four-month update","volume":"118","author":"Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial Research Group","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0351219.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000199","article-title":"Is there treatment for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"26","author":"DM Katz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0351219.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.11.029","article-title":"Comparison of visual outcomes of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in patients with and without diabetes mellitus","volume":"124","author":"S Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0351219.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1996.3","article-title":"Duke-elder lecture. Systemic arterial blood pressure and the eye","author":"SS Hayreh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0351219.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70067-4","article-title":"Nocturnal arterial hypotension and its role in optic nerve head and ocular ischemic disorders","volume":"117","author":"SS Hayreh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0351219.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100160573008","article-title":"Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. A case-control study of potential risk factors","volume":"115","author":"DM Jacobson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0351219.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90159-8","article-title":"Analysis of prothrombotic and vascular risk factors in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"106","author":"O Salomon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0351219.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00079-4","article-title":"Ischemic optic neuropathy as the first manifestation of elevated cholesterol levels in young patients","volume":"110","author":"VA Deramo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0351219.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247126","article-title":"Risk factors and visual outcome of non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION): experience of a tertiary center in Kuwait","volume":"16","author":"R Behbehani","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0351219.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S500368","article-title":"Impact of lipid parameters on visual acuity change in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"18","author":"P Kemchoknatee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0351219.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.07.031","article-title":"Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in patients younger than 50 years","volume":"144","author":"P Preechawat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351219.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000521","article-title":"Structure-function analysis of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and age-related differences in outcome","volume":"37","author":"M-H Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351219.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4103\/kjo.kjo_47_18","article-title":"Clinical profile and predictors of visual outcome in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"30","author":"S Bindu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kerala J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0351219.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0494-0","article-title":"Optic disc edema in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"245","author":"SS Hayreh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0351219.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.05.042","article-title":"Follow-up of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy with optical coherence tomography","volume":"114","author":"I Contreras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0351219.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.9","article-title":"Experimental and clinical evidence for brimonidine as an optic nerve and retinal neuroprotective agent: an evidence-based review","volume":"127","author":"M Saylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351219.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2009.06.008","article-title":"Treatment of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"55","author":"EJ Atkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0351219.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.07.006","article-title":"Topical administration of a Rock\/Net inhibitor promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury","volume":"158","author":"PX Shaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0351219.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2015.1075221","article-title":"The association between obstructive sleep apnea and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Y Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0351219.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2022.0166","article-title":"Neuroprotective strategies for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"BM Budihardja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0351219.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3425-8","article-title":"Ganglion cell analysis at acute episode of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy to predict irreversible damage. A prospective study","volume":"254","author":"E De Dompablo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0351219","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:30:55Z","timestamp":1781285455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0351219"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Suho","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0351219","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]}}}